[1] WHO. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report – 159[EB/OL].(2020-06-27)[2020-06-28]. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports.
[2] MEHTA P, MCAULEY D F, BROWN M, et al. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression[J]. Lancet,2020,395(10229):1033-1034. doi:  10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0
[3] LI H, LIU L, ZHANG D Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and viral sepsis: observations and hypotheses[J]. Lancet,2020,395(10235):1517-1520. doi:  10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30920-X
[4] 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会. 新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第七版)[EB/OL].(2020-03-03)[2020-04-16]. http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202003/46c9294a7dfe4cef80dc7f5912eb1989.shtml.
[5] CHOUSTERMAN B G, SWIRSKI F K, WEBER G F. Cytokine storm and <italic>Sepsis</italic> disease pathogenesis[J]. Semin Immunopathol,2017,39(5):517-528. doi:  10.1007/s00281-017-0639-8
[6] CHANNAPPANAVAR R, PERLMAN S. Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology[J]. Semin Immunopathol,2017,39(5):529-539. doi:  10.1007/s00281-017-0629-x
[7] XU Z, SHI L, WANG Y J, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Lancet Respir Med,2020,8(4):420-422. doi:  10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-X
[8] ZHOU Y G, FU B Q, ZHENG X H, et al. Pathogenic T-cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storms in severe COVID-19 patients[J]. Natl Sci Rev,2020,7(6):998-1002. doi:  10.1093/nsr/nwaa041
[9] CAO X T. COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy[J]. Nat Rev Immunol,2020,20(5):269-270. doi:  10.1038/s41577-020-0308-3
[10] ZHOU F, YU T, DU R H, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study[J]. Lancet,2020,395(10229):1054-1062. doi:  10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
[11] GUAN W J, NI Z Y, HU Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China[J]. New Engl J Med,2020,382(18):1708-1720. doi:  10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
[12] HUANG C L, WANG Y M, LI X W, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China[J]. Lancet,2020,395(10223):497-506. doi:  10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
[13] WONG C K, LAM C W K, WU A K L, et al. Plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe acute respiratory syndrome[J]. Clin Exp Immunol,2004,136(1):95-103. doi:  10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02415.x
[14] HUANG K J, SU I J, THERON M, et al. An interferon-γ-related cytokine storm in SARS patients[J]. J Med Virol,2005,75(2):185-194. doi:  10.1002/jmv.20255
[15] MAHALLAWI W H, KHABOUR O F, ZHANG Q B, et al. MERS-CoV infection in humans is associated with a pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cytokine profile[J]. Cytokine,2018,104:8-13. doi:  10.1016/j.cyto.2018.01.025
[16] WANG D W, HU B, HU C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China[J]. JAMA,2020,323(11):1061-1069. doi:  10.1001/jama.2020.1585
[17] QIN C, ZHOU L Q, HU Z W, et al. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China[J/OL]. Clin Infect Dis, (2020-03-12)[2020-04-20]. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa248.
[18] DIAO B, WANG C H, TAN Y J, et al. Reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)[J/OL]. Front Immunol, 2020, 11: 827. (2020-05-01)[2020-05-05]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00827.
[19] WAN S X, YI Q J, FAN S B, et al. Characteristics of lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in peripheral blood of 123 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia(NCP)[J/OL]. medRxiv, (2020-02-10)[2020-04-16]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.10.20021832.
[20] SCHÖNRICH G, RAFTERY M J. The PD-1/PD-L1 axis and virus infections: a delicate balance[J/OL]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2019, 9: 207. (2019-06-13)[2020-05-10]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2019.00207.
[21] WANG X L, XU W, HU G W, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infects T lymphocytes through its spike protein-mediated membrane fusion[J/OL]. Cell Mol Immunol, (2020-04-07)[2020-05-05]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0424-9.
[22] TANAKA T, NARAZAKI M, KISHIMOTO T. Immunotherapeutic implications of IL-6 blockade for cytokine storm[J]. Immunotherapy,2016,8(8):959-970. doi:  10.2217/imt-2016-0020
[23] SANMARTÍ R, RUIZ-ESQUIDE V, BASTIDA C, et al. Tocilizumab in the treatment of adult rheumatoid arthritis[J]. Immunotherapy,2018,10(6):447-464. doi:  10.2217/imt-2017-0173
[24] LE R Q, LI L, YUAN W S, et al. FDA approval summary: tocilizumab for treatment of chimeric antigen receptor T cell-induced severe or life-threatening cytokine release syndrome[J]. Oncol,2018,23(8):943-947. doi:  10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0028
[25] 陈碧珊, 陈吉生. 托珠单抗在新型冠状病毒肺炎的应用研究探讨[J]. 今日药学, 2020, 30(4):225-228. doi:  10.12048/j.issn.1674-229X.2020.04.003
[26] LYTHGOE M P, MIDDLETON P. Ongoing clinical trials for the management of the COVID-19 pandemic[J]. Trends Pharmacol Sci,2020,41(6):363-382. doi:  10.1016/j.tips.2020.03.006
[27] RUSSELL C D, MILLAR J E, BAILLIE J K. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury[J]. Lancet,2020,395(10223):473-475. doi:  10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30317-2
[28] SHANG L H, ZHAO J P, HU Y, et al. On the use of corticosteroids for 2019-nCoV pneumonia[J]. Lancet,2020,395(10225):683-684. doi:  10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30361-5
[29] 邹本良, 李敏, 范铁兵, 等. 中医药治疗重型新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)经验总结及诊疗方案建议[J/OL]. 中医杂志, (2020-04-02)[2020-04-16]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.2166.r.20200402.1149.002.html.
[30] 王毅, 李翔, 张俊华, 等. 基于网络药理学的宣肺败毒汤治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎机制研究[J]. 中国中药杂志, 2020, 45(10):2249-2256.
[31] 赵静, 田赛赛, 杨健, 等. 清肺排毒汤治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎机制的网络药理学探讨[J]. 中草药, 2020, 51(4):829-835.
[32] 李承羽, 张晓雨, 刘斯, 等. 血必净注射液治疗新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎(COVID-19)证据基础及研究前瞻[J]. 世界科学技术:中医药现代化, 2020, 22(2):242-247.
[33] 熊微, 冉京燕, 谢雪佳, 等. 治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎中成药的药理作用与临床应用[J]. 医药导报, 2020, 39(4):465-476.
[34] 陈莉莉, 葛广波, 荣艳, 等. 中药在新冠肺炎防治中的应用和研究进展[J]. 上海中医药大学学报, 2020, 34(3):1-8.
[35] 姚开涛, 刘明瑜, 李欣, 等. 中药连花清瘟治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎的回顾性临床分析[J]. 中国实验方剂学杂志, 2020, 26(11):8-12.
[36] 朱舜亚, 李晓萸, 魏云玲, 等. 三种中药处方对SARS相关冠状病毒体外抑制作用的初步研究[J]. 生物技术通讯, 2003, 14(5):390-392. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1009-0002.2003.05.012
[37] DUAN Z, JIA Z, ZHANG J, et al. Natural herbal medicine Lianhuaqingwen capsule anti-influenza A (H1N1) trial: a randomized, double blind, positive controlled clinical trial[J]. Chin Med J,2011,124(18):2925-2933.
[38] 刘更新, 张艳霞, 杨继清, 等. 连花清瘟胶囊治疗甲型H1N1流感随机对照临床研究[J]. 疑难病杂志, 2010, 9(1):14-16. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1671-6450.2010.01.007
[39] 程德忠, 王文菊, 李毅, 等. 51例新型冠状病毒肺炎患者应用中药连花清瘟疗效分析:多中心回顾性研究[J]. 天津中医药, 2020, 37(5):509-516.
[40] LI R F, HOU Y L, HUANG J C, et al. Lianhuaqingwen exerts anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activity against novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)[J/OL]. Pharmacol Res, 2020, 156: 104761. (2020-03-20)[2020-04-25]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104761.
[41] 李振, 俞科贤. 苦参多路径抗冠状病毒的机制探究[J]. 中草药, 2020, 51(4):888-894. doi:  10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2020.04.010
[42] 孙静, 赵荣华, 郭姗姗, 等. 苦参碱氯化钠注射液对人冠状病毒肺炎寒湿疫毒袭肺证小鼠病证结合模型的治疗作用[J]. 药学学报, 2020, 55(3):366-373.
[43] 杨明炜, 陈锋, 朱定俊, 等. 苦参碱氯化钠注射液治疗40例新型冠状病毒肺炎的临床疗效分析[J]. 中国中药杂志, 2020, 45(10):2221-2231.
[44] 尹明星, 曹艳, 施春阳, 等. 中药防治细胞因子风暴的研究进展[J]. 中草药, 2020, 51(5):1089-1095. doi:  10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2020.05.001
[45] 何黎黎, 龚普阳, 封玥, 等. 中药在抗新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)引起的细胞因子风暴中的应用分析[J]. 中草药, 2020, 51(6):1375-1385. doi:  10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2020.06.002
[46] 黄晶, 张冰, 林志健. 中药对白介素类细胞因子的影响及其在防治COVID-19炎症风暴中的思考[J]. 中药药理与临床, 2020, 36(2):23-28.
[47] 徐凯进, 蔡洪流, 沈毅弘, 等. 2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)诊疗浙江经验[J]. 浙江大学学报(医学版), 2020, 49(2):147-157.
[48] GOLCHIN A, SEYEDJAFARI E, ARDESHIRYLAJIMI A. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for COVID-19: present or future[J]. Stem Cell Rev And Rep,2020,16(3):427-433. doi:  10.1007/s12015-020-09973-w
[49] LENG Z K, ZHU R J, HOU W, et al. Transplantation of ACE2- mesenchymal stem cells improves the outcome of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia[J]. Aging Dis,2020,11(2):216-228. doi:  10.14336/AD.2020.0228
[50] GREIN J, OHMAGARI N, SHIN D, et al. Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe covid-19[J]. N Engl J Med,2020,382(24):2327-2336. doi:  10.1056/NEJMoa2007016
[51] WANG Y, ZHANG D, DU G, et al. Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial[J]. Lancet,2020,395(10236):1569-1578. doi:  10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31022-9
[52] GELERIS J, SUN Y F, PLATT J, et al. Observational study of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with COVID-19[J]. N Engl J Med,2020,382(25):2411-2418. doi:  10.1056/NEJMoa2012410
[53] HOFFMANN M, SCHROEDER S, KLEINE-WEBER H, et al. Nafamostat mesylate blocks activation of SARS-CoV-2: new treatment option for COVID-19[J/OL]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2020, 64(6): e00754-20. (2020-04-21)[2020-05-10]. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.00754-20.
[54] YAMAMOTO M, MATSUYAMA S, LI X, et al. Identification of nafamostat as a potent inhibitor of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus S protein-mediated membrane fusion using the split-protein-based cell-cell fusion assay[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2016,60(11):6532-6539. doi:  10.1128/AAC.01043-16
[55] JIN Z M, DU X Y, XU Y C, et al. Structure of M <sup>pro</sup> from COVID-19 virus and discovery of its inhibitors[J]. Nature,2020,582(7811):289-293. doi:  10.1038/s41586-020-2223-y
[56] DAI W, ZHANG B, SU H, et al. Structure-based design of antiviral drug candidates targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease[J]. Science,2020,368(6497):1331-1335. doi:  10.1126/science.abb4489