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结直肠癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,在中国,其发病率和病死率均逐年增加[1]。对具有高危因素、病理分期II期及分期更严重的患者,推荐使用术后化疗药物,对于已转移的和无法I期切除的结直肠癌患者则推荐行新辅助化疗[2]。所以,化疗是治疗结直肠癌的主要方法之一,但无论是以氟尿嘧啶、奥沙利铂或伊立替康为基础的术后化疗方案,还是增加贝伐单抗或抗表皮生长因子的对转移性结直肠癌的新辅助化疗方案[3],它们均有明显的药物不良反应及易出现耐药性的缺点[4]。通过拓展结直肠癌化疗药物的种类,可以为患者提供更多的化疗方案以优化治疗效果,降低肿瘤细胞对化疗药物的耐药性。
紫杉醇(PTX)是一种常见的天然抗肿瘤药物,是紫杉烷类药物中的一员。已有研究证明促使细胞有丝分裂停滞是PTX诱导细胞凋亡的主要作用机制,可与β-微管蛋白结合并稳定微管丝[5],干扰细胞分裂中的微管分解过程,使细胞周期停留至G2/M期,从而导致所作用的细胞凋亡、有丝分裂功能障碍,因此具有较强的抗肿瘤活性[6]。但由于PTX水溶性较低,导致其成药性差,限制了其在临床中的应用。此外,PTX还会引起超敏反应、骨髓抑制、外周神经病变等毒副作用[7]。2008年我国批准上市由美国生物科学公司研制的紫杉醇白蛋白纳米粒,部分解决了PTX成药性差、具有多种毒副作用的问题,使PTX成为治疗卵巢癌、乳腺癌、小细胞肺癌和胰腺癌等恶性肿瘤的一线化疗药物。但对于结直肠癌,部分患者仍然存在的过敏反应以及结直肠癌细胞对PTX的耐药性,令其无法广泛应用于结直肠癌的治疗中。据报道,有几种可能的机制解释了这种耐药性,例如,P-糖蛋白的过表达、微管蛋白的突变、异常信号通路的激活[8]和细胞总抗氧化能力的增加[9]等。近年来,许多研究尝试研制PTX新型药物递送系统或针对其耐药机制与其他药物联用等,给PTX治疗结直肠癌提供了依据和可行性方案。笔者对如何增强紫杉醇对结直肠癌化疗疗效的研究进行综述,以期为后续实验研究奠定基础。
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