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Volume 40 Issue 4
Jul.  2022
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ZENG Na, WANG Chao, SUN Huajun, MA Liping, DONG Xiaoyan. Drug monitoring of omalizumab in treatment of 2 children with high level IgE allergic asthma[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2022, 40(4): 368-371. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202205109
Citation: ZENG Na, WANG Chao, SUN Huajun, MA Liping, DONG Xiaoyan. Drug monitoring of omalizumab in treatment of 2 children with high level IgE allergic asthma[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2022, 40(4): 368-371. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202205109

Drug monitoring of omalizumab in treatment of 2 children with high level IgE allergic asthma

doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202205109
  • Received Date: 2022-05-29
  • Rev Recd Date: 2022-06-15
  • Available Online: 2022-07-27
  • Publish Date: 2022-07-25
  •   Objective  To explore the clinical efficacy and safety of the omalizumab treatment in children with high level IgE allergic asthma.   Methods  The clinical data of 2 children with allergic asthma treated with omalizumab in the Departemnt of Respiratory Medicine of Shanghai Children’s Hospital from August 2020 to May 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, and they had regular follow-up after end of treatment. The dosage and course of treatment, therapeutic effect and adverse drug reactions of omalizumab were analyzed.   Results  After receiving omalizumab treatment, asthma symptoms were well controlled, the dosage of inhaled corticosteroids during asthma treatment were reduced and nasal symptoms were relieved. 20 subcutaneous injections were received by 2 children, and no adverse reactions were found. After the treatment, regular pharmaceutical follow-up showed that the children were in good health.   Conclusion  Omalizumab is suitable for high level IgE allergic asthma and can improve asthma control symptoms with good long-term safety. However, the appropriate dosage and course of treatment still need further experience accumulation.
  • [1] 全国儿科哮喘协作组. 全国90万0~14岁儿童中支气管哮喘患病情况调查[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 1993, 16(Z1):64-68.
    [2] 全国儿科哮喘协作组, 中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所. 第三次中国城市儿童哮喘流行病学调查[J]. 中华儿科杂志, 2013, 51(10):729-735. doi:  10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2013.10.003
    [3] 全国儿童哮喘防治协作组. 中国城区儿童哮喘患病率调查[J]. 中华儿科杂志, 2003, 41(2):123-127. doi:  10.3760/j.issn:0578-1310.2003.02.014
    [4] MOORE W C, BLEECKER E R, CURRAN-EVERETT D, et al. Characterization of the severe asthma phenotype by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Severe Asthma Research Program[J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol,2007,119(2):405-413. doi:  10.1016/j.jaci.2006.11.639
    [5] XIANG L, ZHAO J, ZHENG Y J, et al. Uncontrolled asthma and its risk factors in Chinese children: a cross-sectional observational study[J]. J Asthma,2016,53(7):699-706. doi:  10.3109/02770903.2016.1144199
    [6] NAVINÉS-FERRER A, SERRANO-CANDELAS E, MOLINA-MOLINA G J, et al. IgE-related chronic diseases and anti-IgE-based treatments[J]. J Immunol Res,2016,2016:8163803.
    [7] 虞琳, 张慧珊, 赵欣, 等. 奥马珠单抗治疗儿童中重度变应性哮喘疗效及安全性病例系列研究[J]. 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2020, 35(8):617-621. doi:  10.3760/cma.j.cn101070-20200330-00529
    [8] 钟志娟, 王灵, 冯小伟, 等. 奥马珠单抗对儿童难治性过敏性哮喘伴鼻炎的疗效及其外周血tIgE和EOS计数的影响[J]. 中国免疫学杂志, 2022, 38(4):469-473. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1000-484X.2022.04.016
    [9] 文惯宇, 邓欢, 刘峰, 等. 奥马珠单抗在儿童变应性哮喘并特应性皮炎中的应用[J]. 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2021, 36(12):957-960. doi:  10.3760/cma.j.cn101070-20201103-01707
    [10] 刘玲, 周薇, 李灵慧. 奥马珠单抗治疗儿童过敏性疾病28例临床分析[J]. 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2021, 36(12):926-930. doi:  10.3760/cma.j.cn101070-20210327-00356
    [11] MARCOTTE G. V. Omalizumab therapy for hyper-IgE syndrome[J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol,2008,121(2):S88.
    [12] MAQBOOL S, HSIEH F, MCDONNELL J, et al. Safety and efficacy of omalizumab in atopic dermatitis—A preliminary report[J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol,2005,115(2):S106.
    [13] 尹悦, 李莉. IgE的新作用[J]. 中国免疫学杂志, 2019, 35(18):2284-2288. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1000-484X.2019.18.022
    [14] 奥马珠单抗治疗过敏性哮喘专家组, 中华医学会呼吸病学分会哮喘学组. 奥马珠单抗治疗过敏性哮喘的中国专家共识[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2018, 41(3):179-185. doi:  10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2018.03.007
    [15] CASALE T B, LUSKIN A T, BUSSE W, et al. Omalizumab effectiveness by biomarker status in patients with asthma: evidence from PROSPERO, A prospective real-world study[J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract,2019,7(1):156-164.e1. doi:  10.1016/j.jaip.2018.04.043
    [16] GIUBERGIA V, RAMÍREZ FARÍAS M J, PÉREZ V, et al. Clinical impact of omalizumab treatment in children with severe asthma: report of a local experience[J]. Arch Argent Pediatr,2019,117(2):e115-e120.
    [17] 国家呼吸系统疾病临床医学研究中心, 中华医学会儿科学分会呼吸学组哮喘协作组, 中国医药教育协会儿科专业委员会, 等. 奥马珠单抗在儿童过敏性哮喘临床应用专家共识[J]. 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2021, 36(12):881-890. doi:  10.3760/cma.j.cn101070-20210531-00621
    [18] HANANIA N A, WENZEL S, ROSÉN K, et al. Exploring the effects of omalizumab in allergic asthma: an analysis of biomarkers in the EXTRA study[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2013,187(8):804-811. doi:  10.1164/rccm.201208-1414OC
    [19] YU C J, WANG K J, CUI X Y, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of omalizumab in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials[J]. Am J Rhinol Allergy,2020,34(2):196-208. doi:  10.1177/1945892419884774
    [20] MACDONALD K M, KAVATI A, ORTIZ B, et al. Short- and long-term real-world effectiveness of omalizumab in severe allergic asthma: systematic review of 42 studies published 2008-2018[J]. Expert Rev Clin Immunol,2019,15(5):553-569. doi:  10.1080/1744666X.2019.1574571
    [21] NIETO GARCÍA A, GARRIGA-BARAUT T, PLAZA MARTÍN A M, et al. Omalizumab outcomes for up to 6 years in pediatric patients with severe persistent allergic asthma[J]. Pediatr Allergy Immunol,2021,32(5):980-991. doi:  10.1111/pai.13484
    [22] Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention main report 2020 [EB/OL]. (2020-03-20) [2021-05-15]. https://ginasthma. org/reports/.
    [23] MILGROM H, FOWLER-TAYLOR A, VIDAURRE C F, et al. Safety and tolerability of omalizumab in children with allergic (IgE-mediated) asthma[J]. Curr Med Res Opin,2011,27(1):163-169. doi:  10.1185/03007995.2010.539502
    [24] RODRIGO G J, NEFFEN H. Systematic review on the use of omalizumab for the treatment of asthmatic children and adolescents[J]. Pediatr Allergy Immunol,2015,26(6):551-556. doi:  10.1111/pai.12405
    [25] COX L, LIEBERMAN P, WALLACE D, et al. American academy of allergy, asthma & immunology/American college of allergy, asthma & immunology omalizumab-associated anaphylaxis joint task force follow-up report[J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol,2011,128(1):210-212. doi:  10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.010
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Drug monitoring of omalizumab in treatment of 2 children with high level IgE allergic asthma

doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202205109

Abstract:   Objective  To explore the clinical efficacy and safety of the omalizumab treatment in children with high level IgE allergic asthma.   Methods  The clinical data of 2 children with allergic asthma treated with omalizumab in the Departemnt of Respiratory Medicine of Shanghai Children’s Hospital from August 2020 to May 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, and they had regular follow-up after end of treatment. The dosage and course of treatment, therapeutic effect and adverse drug reactions of omalizumab were analyzed.   Results  After receiving omalizumab treatment, asthma symptoms were well controlled, the dosage of inhaled corticosteroids during asthma treatment were reduced and nasal symptoms were relieved. 20 subcutaneous injections were received by 2 children, and no adverse reactions were found. After the treatment, regular pharmaceutical follow-up showed that the children were in good health.   Conclusion  Omalizumab is suitable for high level IgE allergic asthma and can improve asthma control symptoms with good long-term safety. However, the appropriate dosage and course of treatment still need further experience accumulation.

ZENG Na, WANG Chao, SUN Huajun, MA Liping, DONG Xiaoyan. Drug monitoring of omalizumab in treatment of 2 children with high level IgE allergic asthma[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2022, 40(4): 368-371. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202205109
Citation: ZENG Na, WANG Chao, SUN Huajun, MA Liping, DONG Xiaoyan. Drug monitoring of omalizumab in treatment of 2 children with high level IgE allergic asthma[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2022, 40(4): 368-371. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202205109
  • 支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)是儿童时期最常见的慢性气道炎症性疾病。近年来,发病率呈逐渐增高的趋势[1-3],严重影响患儿身心健康和生活质量,给家庭和社会带来沉重负担。过敏性哮喘是儿童哮喘的最常见表型,IgE介导的I型变态反应是儿童过敏性哮喘的主要免疫学机制。过敏性哮喘占重度哮喘比例为71.0%[4],而在我国占儿童哮喘比例更高达80%以上[2]。目前我国哮喘总体控制水平尚不理想,多中心调查结果显示[5],近20%的哮喘患儿控制不佳。

    奥马珠单抗是全球第一个用于哮喘生物靶向治疗的重组人源化抗IgE单克隆抗体,可通过多种途径作用于效应细胞,进而快速有效地控制过敏症状[6]。2017年8月国家药品监督管理局批准奥马珠单抗上市,2018年7月在国内儿科人群临床应用。近4年国内临床实践[7-10]证实,奥马珠单抗对于过敏性哮喘儿童合并过敏性鼻炎、特应性皮炎、食物过敏等有较好临床疗效。随着奥马珠单抗在儿童过敏性疾病中的不断应用,对于在IgE水平过高时的治疗,该药物应用受到临床关注。奥马珠单抗说明书目前未对总IgE>1500 IU/ml的患者进行建议,但国内外已有相关案例报道[9-12],显示奥马珠单抗在高水平IgE哮喘患儿中的疗效,实现了哮喘控制,减少急性发作。但对于奥马珠单抗治疗高水平IgE过敏性哮喘的最佳剂量、疗程、安全性尚需进一步研究。经患儿家长知情同意后,选择使用该类药物治疗。本研究通过对2例高水平IgE过敏性哮喘患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并在结束治疗后进行定期药学随访,以期为奥马珠单抗治疗高水平IgE过敏性哮喘患儿积累疗效和安全性经验。

    • 病例1,患儿,女,10岁8个月,体质量39 kg。既往诊断过敏性哮喘合并变应性鼻炎。目前规律吸入沙美特罗/替卡松粉吸入剂(50 µg:0.1mg),每次1吸,每日1次,哮喘症状控制尚可,但肺功能改善不佳。不规则使用鼻用激素和抗组胺药物,鼻炎未得到有效控制。于2020年8月入院治疗。实验室检查:总IgE 1860 IU/ml;过敏原特异性IgE示屋尘螨/粉尘螨3级、牛奶2级。肺功能检查示患儿气道功能下降,检查指标见表1。按照患儿血清总IgE水平及体质量,参考药品说明书和国外案例报道[11-12],制定了奥马珠单抗治疗方案,见表2。治疗前,临床药师与家长沟通,再次确认该患儿既往无严重过敏反应史。针对可能出现的过敏性反应和过敏性休克等严重不良反应,临床药师参与了全程的用药监护。患儿共接受注射13次,治疗疗程6个月,在治疗第20周时,患儿停用吸入激素。第24周复查肺功能,指标改善,通气功能正常。每次注射治疗期间,临床药师在用药后2、24和72 h对患儿进行了药学查房,均无头痛、发热、上腹痛、哮喘急性发作、低血压、荨麻疹等不良反应发生。在治疗结束后1年内临床药师进行了定期电话随访,患儿家长反馈,患儿哮喘未再发作,鼻炎症状较前减轻,身体状况良好。

      检查
      时间
      最大
      肺活量
      (%)
      用力
      肺活量
      (%)
      一秒量
      (%)
      一秒率
      (%)
      呼气流速
      峰值50-75
      口呼气
      NO(ppb)
      治疗前84.786.886.8101.1轻度下降42
      治疗后87.489.293.3105.6正常17
      用药疗程(次)用药剂量(mg)用药间隔(周)
      1150每2周1次
      2300
      3~13300

      病例2,患儿,女,9岁2个月,体质量31 kg,既往诊断过敏性哮喘合并变应性鼻炎。目前规律吸入布地奈德/福莫特罗吸入粉雾剂(80 µg∶4.5 µg),每次2吸,每天2次。哮喘症状控制尚可,但肺功能改善不佳。不规则使用鼻用激素和抗组胺药物,鼻炎未得到有效控制。于2021年1月入院治疗。该患儿既往无严重过敏反应史。治疗前实验室检查:总IgE 1700 IU/ml;过敏原特异性IgE示屋尘螨/粉尘螨5级、腰果6级、猫毛发皮屑6级、混合草(黑麦草等)3级、牛奶2级。肺功能检查示通气功能下降,结果见表3。按照患儿血清总IgE水平及体质量,参考药品说明书和本单位使用经验,制定了奥马珠单抗治疗方案,见表4。患儿共接受注射7次,治疗疗程4.5个月,其中在持续治疗1个月后,因患儿骨折住院治疗,停药2个月,后又持续治疗1.5个月。治疗第18周复查肺功能,功能指标改善不佳,仍提示通气功能下降,见表3。效果不满意,家长放弃治疗。每次注射治疗期间,临床药师在用药后2、24和72 h对患儿进行了药学查房,无不良反应发生。应用奥马珠单抗治疗后哮喘未出现急性发作,吸入布地奈德/福莫特罗吸入粉雾剂,每次2吸,每日2次,减量为每次1吸,每日2次,同时鼻炎症状较前减轻。在治疗结束后1年内临床药师进行了定期电话随访,患儿家长反馈,目前吸入布地奈德/福莫特罗吸入粉雾剂,每次1吸,每日1次,哮喘未出现急性发作,鼻炎症状较前减轻,身体状况良好。

      检查
      时间
      最大
      肺活量
      (%)
      用力
      肺活量
      (%)
      一秒量
      (%)
      一秒率
      (%)
      呼气流速
      峰值50-75
      口呼气
      NO(ppb)
      治疗前94.399.293.295.1轻到中度下降228
      治疗后92.896.690.394.6中到重度下降
      用药疗程(次)用药剂量(mg)用药间隔(周)
      11502周1次
      2300
      3450
      44508周1次
      5~74502周1次
    • IgE在过敏性哮喘及变应性鼻炎等IgE介导的过敏反应中具有重要意义。当机体暴露于过敏原时,促进B淋巴细胞分化为浆细胞,分泌特异性IgE[13]。IgE主要与高亲和力受体(FcεRI)结合,介导过敏性炎症级联反应。过敏原-IgE复合物与效应细胞如嗜碱性粒细胞及肥大细胞FcεRI结合,释放炎症递质,导致气道分泌黏液及气道平滑肌收缩等(速发相反应),IgE还可与树突状细胞FcεRI结合,导致患者再次出现喘息等症状(迟发相反应)[14]

      国内外多项基于真实世界的研究均证实奥马珠单抗在儿童哮喘治疗中有不错的效果,可以有效减少儿童哮喘急性发作,还可以改善哮喘控制症状,减少哮喘治疗过程中吸入激素使用剂量。鉴于该药品说明书对于总IgE>1500 IU/ml的过敏性哮喘患者,无推荐剂量和疗程,国内外相关研究报道较少,故对此类人群的用药安全性和有效性有待我们探索研究。

    • 哮喘治疗是奥马珠单抗最先被获批的适应证。国内外多项基于真实世界的研究结果表明中重度儿童过敏性哮喘患者使用奥马珠单抗后急性发作显著减少、哮喘症状有效改善,可减少哮喘治疗过程中吸入激素使用剂量[7,15-16]。虽然药品说明书中对于总IgE>1500 IU/ml的患者不推荐使用本品,但《奥马珠单抗在儿童过敏性哮喘临床应用专家共识》[17]中已提及对于此类人群的应用。且有研究报道[18],无论IgE水平如何,奥马珠单抗治疗过敏性哮喘均有显著疗效。本研究2例高水平IgE过敏性哮喘患儿均有明显获益。病例1在应用奥马珠单抗后,哮喘控制水平有明显提高,合并用药中吸入激素和抗组胺药物均已停用。病例2在应用奥马珠单抗后,虽然肺功能改善指标没有明显改善,但哮喘症状控制水平有提高,合并用药中吸入激素和抗组胺药物均有减少。这与国内外的个案报道[9-12]相一致。

      奥马珠单抗目前还未被纳入变应性鼻炎治疗,但国内外已有不少文献报道奥马珠单抗在变应性鼻炎中的应用及临床疗效。一项Meta分析证实,奥马珠单抗可有效改善儿童及成人严重季节性变应性鼻炎的鼻部症状,减少其他鼻炎用药,提高生活质量,且安全性良好[19]。由IgE介导的变应性哮喘合并严重变应性鼻炎患者,在过敏原回避和基础药物治疗效果不佳时,推荐使用奥马珠单抗治疗[17]。本研究中观察的2例变应性鼻炎患儿,IgE异常升高,均存在2种及以上过敏原。奥马珠单抗治疗后鼻部症状均得到改善,且减少抗组胺药物和鼻喷激素使用。

    • 奥马珠单抗治疗哮喘的药物剂量通常与患儿体质量和血清IgE基线水平有关,药品说明书和专家共识推荐,体质量越大、IgE水平越高需要单次应用剂量越大,剂量范围75~600 mg。给药间隔频率包括每4周1次和每2周1次。目前奥马珠单抗说明书中未对总IgE>1500 IU/ml的患者进行剂量推荐,考虑药物安全性和药物经济负担,结合本单位应用经验,2例病例的首次剂量参考说明书推荐用量,最小剂量150 mg。单次给药剂量最大450 mg,给药时间间隔为2周。虽然患儿单次使用剂量低于国内专家共识[17]指导用量,但是均不同程度观察到应用效果。所以儿童给药剂量上限,特别对于总IgE>1500 IU/ml且年龄<12岁的儿童奥马珠单抗应用剂量需要更多的药动学/药效学的临床研究。

    • 目前尚无任何指南有明确奥马珠单抗治疗疗程的建议,现有研究提示治疗持续12个月以上为最佳[20-21]。2020年版全球哮喘防治创议指南[22]建议,在奥马珠单抗持续用药12个月后,如患儿在中或低剂量ICS治疗下仍能得到很好的哮喘控制,可考虑尝试停用奥马珠单抗。本研究中的2例患儿,病例1治疗疗程6个月,病例2治疗疗程4.5个月(其中因患儿骨折住院治疗,自行停药2个月),均获得明显受益。在治疗结束后1年对其进行电话随访,患儿哮喘未出现急性发作,控制水平改善。上述病例提示哮喘患儿可能不需要长期维持奥马珠单抗治疗,但合适的疗程仍有待进一步研究。

    • 临床研究结果表明,6岁及以上儿童接受奥马珠单抗治疗时耐受性良好,大多数不良事件为轻中度,且持续时间短[7,23-24]。奥马珠单抗全球上市后的报告指出,严重过敏反应的发生频率为0.2%,大多数过敏反应发生在给药后2 h内[25]。在其说明书中也明确指出过敏反应最早发生于首次注射后,但也可在开始规律治疗一年后发生。由于国内上市时间短,长期安全性的研究报道较少。本研究报道的2例病例,在治疗结束后1年内通过定期电话随访,获知患儿身体状况良好。但由于研究病例数较少,仍需扩大样本,进行更长期的监测和随访以确认其在儿童患者中用药的安全性。

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