Analysis on risk factors of clopidogrel resistance in patients with ischemic stroke

WANG Yajuan; ZHAO Yan; LI Weiliang; YU Airong

doi:10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202209054

Volume 42 Issue 1

Jan. 2024

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WANG Yajuan, ZHAO Yan, LI Weiliang, YU Airong. Analysis on risk factors of clopidogrel resistance in patients with ischemic stroke[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2024, 42(1): 32-37. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202209054

Citation:

WANG Yajuan, ZHAO Yan, LI Weiliang, YU Airong. Analysis on risk factors of clopidogrel resistance in patients with ischemic stroke[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2024, 42(1): 32-37. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202209054

Analysis on risk factors of clopidogrel resistance in patients with ischemic stroke

doi: 10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202209054

WANG Yajuan^{1, 2
,},
ZHAO Yan²,
LI Weiliang²,
YU Airong^{2
,
,}

1.
Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437000, China
2.
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Central Theater General Hospital, Wuhan 430070, China

Received Date: 2022-09-21
Rev Recd Date: 2022-11-18

Available Online: 2024-01-19

Publish Date: 2024-01-25

Abstract

Objective To investigate the risk factors of drug resistance in patients with ischemic stroke by clopidogrel therapy and provide references for promoting clinical individualized drug therapy. Methods A total of 202 inpatients diagnosed with ischemic stroke were admitted and given dual anti-treatment (aspirin+clopidogrel). CYP2C19 genotype was detected by microarray hybridization during hospitalization, and CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms were classified into fast metabolism group, medium metabolism group and slow metabolism group according to the type of drug metabolism. Patients were tested for platelet inhibition induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) according to thromboelastographic (TEG) on 7~14 d of drug administration. ADP <30% was classified as clopidogrel drug resistance group and ADP ≥30% as non-resistance group. Logistic regression analysis was used to study the risk factors for the development of clopidogrel resistance. Results Among 202 patients with ischemic stroke, 87 were in the resistant group and 115 in the non-resistant group. The proportion of patients with clopidogrel resistance combined with diabetes and the level of white blood cell count were higher than that in the non-resistant group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).The proportion of patients with clopidogrel resistance in the CYP2C19 intermediate metabolism group was significantly higher than that in the fast metabolism group, and the rate of platelet inhibition was also significantly lower than that in the fast metabolism group, all with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Conclusion Combined diabetes mellitus, high white blood cell count levels and CYP2C19 mid-metabolic phenotype are independent risk factors for the development of clopidogrel resistance in patients with ischemic stroke.
- ischemic stroke,
- clopidogrel resistance,
- thromboelastographic,
- cytochrome oxidase P450 enzyme 2C19,
- risk factors

References

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在全球范围内，缺血性脑卒中（IS）仍然是导致死亡和严重残疾的最主要原因之一^[1]。在IS的治疗过程中，除因出血风险而存在禁忌外，几乎所有IS的患者都应给予抗血小板药物进行二次卒中预防^[2]，阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷的双重抗血小板治疗在IS发病早期发挥着重要作用^[3]。然而临床应用中，脑血管病患者在服用氯吡格雷药物治疗期间存在个体差异,一些患者在服药后出现了病情反复发作或者病情加重的现象，称为氯吡格雷抵抗（CR）^[4]。研究表明，导致氯吡格雷抵抗的因素是多种多样的，尚无统一的结论。包括性别^[5-6]、年龄^[6]、BMI^[6-7]、糖尿病^[5,8]、高脂血症^[8]、高同型半胱氨酸^[5，8]、药物间相互作用^[8]（钙离子拮抗剂、质子泵抑制剂）、遗传基因多态性^[9-10]（参与氧化代谢的相关基因CYP2C19、与其活化有关基因ABCB1）等均会导致该药物出现抵抗现象。但亦有部分研究报道得出相反结论^[11]。且研究主要集中于心血管领域，尤其是经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）术后患者，而针对IS患者发生CR影响因素的报道相对较少。氯吡格雷属于噻吩吡啶类化学衍生物，需要在多种酶的参与下才能够生成有活性的化合物，该活性代谢产物与血小板上的二磷酸腺苷（ADP）受体P2Y12共价特异性地结合，减少ADP所刺激的血小板凝聚，阻断ADP诱导的糖蛋白与纤维蛋白原PIIb/IIIa 受体的结合，发挥抗栓的效应^[12-13]。故本研究利用血栓弹力图（TEG）测定ADP数值，对脑卒中患者的基线资料及CYP2C19基因多态性进行统计分析，评估产生CR现象的影响因素，为IS临床个体化用药、预测卒中复发风险提供精准医疗方案。

2. 结果

2.1. 基线资料分析

本研究共纳入缺血性脑卒中患者202例，年龄35~86岁，其中，CR组87例，NCR组115例，CR组患者合并糖尿病的比例明显高于NCR组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。在性别、年龄、吸烟、饮酒、既往有无缺血性脑卒中、高血压病、冠心病、高脂血症及合并用药方面，两组间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05），见表1。

基本信息参数	CR组（n=87，%)	NCR组（n=112，%)	x²/t	P
年龄	64.52±1.07	62.39±0.97	−1.47	0.14
性别（男）	65（74.7）	86（74.8）	0.00	0.99
吸烟史	43（49.4）	56（48.7）	0.11	0.92
饮酒史	37（42.5）	41（35.7）	0.99	0.32
IS既往史	16（18.4）	22（19.1）	0.02	0.89
高血压	83（95.4）	106（92.2）	0.41	0.53
糖尿病	35（40.2）	22（19.6）	10.15	0.03
冠心病	7（8.0）	10（8.7）	0.03	0.87
高脂血症	40（46.0）	56（48.7）	0.15	0.70
合并用药
质子泵抑制剂	61（70.1）	84（73.0）	0.21	0.67
丁苯酞注射液	67（77.0）	83（72.2）	0.61	0.44

2.2. 实验室检验指标分析

氯吡格雷抵抗组血常规的白细胞计数水平高于非抵抗组，且组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组患者红细胞、血红蛋白、血小板计数、凝血酶原时间、D-二聚体、血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、超敏C反应蛋白、血同型半胱氨酸、直接胆红素、总胆红素、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶的组间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05），见表2。

检测项目	抵抗组（n=87)	非抵抗组（n=115)	检验值	P
白细胞	6.70（5.60，8.40）	6.40（5.30，7.30）	2.14^b	0.03
红细胞	4.56±0.34	4.44±0.05	−0.40^a	0.69
血红蛋白	131（119，139）	134（120，143）	−1.15^b	0.11
血小板	187（148，227）	206（138，232）	−1.62^b	0.08
凝血酶原时间	11.21±0.65	11.18±0.85	−0.32^a	0.92
D-二聚体	0.30±0.07	0.29±0.09	−0.78^a	0.44
血糖	6.03±0.22	6.45±0.21	1.33^a	0.18
总胆固醇	4.37（3.72，5.04）	4.32（3.73，5.05）	−0.19^b	0.85
甘油三酯	1.81±0.13	1.75±0.11	−0.36^a	0.72
高密度脂蛋白	1.19（0.99，1.35）	1.14（1.00，1.32）	−1.07^b	0.29
低密度脂蛋白	2.41（1.94，2.80）	2.27（1.87，2.75）	−0.50^b	0.62
超敏C反应蛋白	1.91（1.04,5.40）	1.76（0.84,3.50）	1.65^b	0.09
血同型半胱氨酸	17.32±1.18	15.81±0.61	−1.22^a	0.23
直接胆红素	3.32±1.25	3.79±0.33	1.47^a	0.14
总胆红素	13.33±0.47	13.71±0.42	0.60^a	0.54
谷草转氨酶	23.00（19.00，28.00）	22.00（18.00，27.00）	−0.89^b	0.37
谷丙转氨酶	22.00（17.00，31.00）	21.00（15.00，28.79）	−1.42^b	0.15
注: a为 χ² 值，b为z值。

2.3. CYP2C19基因多态性分布

入选的202名患者中，CYP2C19 *1、CYP2C19 *2及CYP2C19*3等位基因的频率分别为62.26%、33.17%及4.21%，所有基因位点均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05），表明该群体具有代表性，详见表3。

CYP2C19等位基因等位基因数/个基因频率/%

CYP2C19 *1 253 62.62

CYP2C19 *2 134 33.17

CYP2C19 *3 17 4.21

2.4. 不同CYP2C19代谢类型患者发生氯吡格雷抵抗的比较

CYP2C19 IM组患者发生氯吡格雷抵抗的比例显著高于EM组和PM组，差异具有统计学意义（P>0.05），见表4。

CYP2C19
代谢类型氯吡格雷
抵抗[n(%)] 非氯吡格雷
抵抗[n(%)] χ² p

EM 24（27.59） 56（48.70） 9.95 0.007

IM 50（57.47） 43（37.39）

PM 13（14.94） 16（13.91）

2.5. CYP2C19不同基因型血小板抑制率的比较

3组IS患者中ADP抑制率均不符合正态分布，因此采用非参数检验。EM组ADP抑制率的中位数为39.6%，IM组为26.10%，PM组为31.95%。3组血小板抑制率中位数差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）；两两比较，IM组的血小板抑制率明显低于EM组，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）；其他组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05），详见表5。

CYP2C19基因分组	基因型数/个	血小板抑制率/%
EM		39.60（26.20，53.95）
CYP2C1911	80
IM		26.10（15.20，53.60）^*
CYP2C1912	81
CYP2C1913	12
PM		31.95（20.65，65.40）
CYP2C1922	24
CYP2C1923	5
χ²		6.31
P		0.04
注：3组间比较采用 Kruskal-Wallis H检验；两两比较采用 Mann- Whitney U检验；^* P<0.05，与EM组比较。

2.6. 发生氯吡格雷抵抗的危险因素分析

以发生CR作为因变量，将上述研究中存在统计学差异（P<0.05）的项目作为自变量进行赋值，包括合并糖尿病（未合并糖尿病者赋值0，合并糖尿病者赋值1）、CYP2C19代谢类型（IM赋值1，其余赋值0），白细胞计数为连续型数值变量，纳入二元Logistic回归模型中进行分析。结果显示，合并糖尿病、高白细胞计数水平、CYP2C19中代谢型为发生氯吡格雷抵抗的独立危险因素，见表6。

因素 B SE Wald P OR 95%CI

合并糖尿病 0.595 0.227 4.496 0.026 0.851 (0.707,1.191)
白细胞计数 0.211 0.076 7.774 0.005 1.235 (1.065,1.432)
CYP2C19
中代谢型 0.901 0.291 9.565 0.002 0.368 (0.197,0.686)

3. 讨论

氯吡格雷是继阿司匹林后在心脑血管中被广泛使用的抗血小板药物。有报道表明氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林在治疗缺血性脑卒中疗效优于单独使用阿司匹林，且不会增加脑卒中患者发生出血的风险^[3，17]。在临床应用中仍有一些患者在服用氯吡格雷后，不能够抑制ADP诱导的血小板凝聚，也称为氯吡格雷抵抗或者氯吡格雷低反应性^[4]。目前国际上关于氯吡格雷抵抗的诊断并无确切的标准^[18]，有文献称化学比浊法属于比较经典的血小板功能检测方法，但是由于在操作过程中步骤比较繁多且尚无统一的标准化流程，现已逐渐被其它检测方法所取代^[19]。有国外研究报道将床旁快速血小板分析（Verify Now）检测系统的检测结果定义为“金标准”，但是由于该检测方法成本较高，因此在国内临床中并没有被大规模应用。而现在国内较常使用的抗血小板效果的监测方法有TEG、血小板分析仪、PL-11等，TEG检测血小板功能操作便捷、迅速、受外界影响较小等优点，现已在临床中被广泛使用^[20]。

氯吡格雷本身属于无活性的前体药物，需在多种酶的参与下生成有活性的化合物，才能发挥抑制血小板聚集作用。细胞色素P450酶参与了两步氧化代谢过程。国外有研究报道^[21]CYP2C19*2、CYP2C19*3等位基因的突变主要以亚洲人为主，发生在非洲和欧洲的突变率较低，携带CYP2C19*2、CYP2C19*3基因的突变可降低细胞色素P450酶的活性，使得活性代谢物的水平减少，从而导致该药物的临床疗效不佳，所以IM和PM组氯吡格雷抗血小板活性会受到CYP2C19基因多态性的影响。本研究结果显示，CYP2C19 IM组患者发生氯吡格雷抵抗的比例显著高于EM组和PM组，血小板抑制率明显低于EM组，差异均具有统计学意义，而PM组血小板抑制率虽然低于EM组，但差异无统计学意义，可能是PM组（14.36%）人群占比显著低于IM组（46.04%）和EM组（39.60%）造成的。

目前已有研究表明糖尿病患者在服用氯吡格雷后血小板抑制率较差^[22-23]，但其机制尚不明确。在小鼠模型中的研究结果表明，高血糖可以通过下调CYP酶影响氯吡格雷药物活化，从而导致抗血小板浓度降低^[24]。Angiolillo等^[25]针对冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者诱导的血小板抑制率减弱的研究中，解释其原因可能是长期的高血糖水平使血小板信号通路上调降低了抗血小板药物的药效，从而导致药物抵抗的发生。此外，糖尿病会影响肝脏代谢与胃肠道吸收，这可能会影响药物的吸收和代谢^[26]。本研究结果也显示，合并糖尿病是发生氯吡格雷抵抗的独立风险因素。

本研究结果还表明高白细胞计数可能是IS患者发生CR的独立危险因素（OR=1.235，95% CI:1.065,1.432），但目前在IS患者中有关白细胞计数与CR之间关系的研究较少。有研究发现炎症标志物升高增加心血管事件的风险，血小板聚集和炎性因子之间的相互作用在急性冠脉综合征中起着非常重要的作用，而炎症调节越来越被认为是当代的治疗靶点，接受氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林双重抗血小板治疗的急性冠状动脉综合征的患者中，白细胞计数与临床疗效密切相关^[27]。也有研究者在冠心病患者中发现白细胞中的3个长链非编码RNA与CR的发生有关^[28]。IS随着细胞死亡和脑组织受损，分子危险信号通过激活更多的小胶质细胞和浸润白细胞进行前馈反应，释放更多的具有促炎作用的细胞因子。炎症加剧了脑细胞受损程度，使外周血中释放更多的细胞因子，这些细胞因子参与了脑卒中的进展，影响其预后^[29-30]。因此，在临床中，高白细胞计数患者服用氯吡格雷时应警惕CR的发生。

本研究的局限性主要包括以下几点：①样本量相对较少；②TEG检测过程中受血凝速度、红细胞聚集状态等因素影响；③患者服药7~14 d只检测1次ADP抑制率，不能反应整体水平；④未直接检测血浆氯吡格雷及其活性代谢物水平。上述因素可能对研究结果产生偏倚，今后还需要进一步的验证。

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