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ZHANG Bo, BAN Xiaojun, YU Zheyuan, LI Xiaofang, WANG Xiaoxia. Study on the relationship between soil and quality of Astragalus membranaceus in Minle, Gansu[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2020, 38(2): 156-160. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.201906077
Citation: ZHANG Bo, BAN Xiaojun, YU Zheyuan, LI Xiaofang, WANG Xiaoxia. Study on the relationship between soil and quality of Astragalus membranaceus in Minle, Gansu[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2020, 38(2): 156-160. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.201906077

Study on the relationship between soil and quality of Astragalus membranaceus in Minle, Gansu

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.201906077
  • Received Date: 2019-06-24
  • Rev Recd Date: 2019-11-06
  • Available Online: 2020-04-23
  • Publish Date: 2020-03-01
  •   Objective  To study the relationship between the quality of Astragalus membranaceus and soil in Gansu Minle.  Methods  we sampled the medicinal materials and soils of Astragalus membranaceus in Minle County, and determined the medicinal quality, soil factors and heavy metal elements by high performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and etc.  Results  The quality of Minle Astragalus meets the requirements of the Pharmacopoeia standards and is low on the risk of heavy metal pollution. There was a significant negative correlation between the extract and the available potassium. There was a significant positive correlation between the astragaloside IV and the available potassium. There was a highly significant positive correlation between calycosin-7-glucoside and soluble salt. There was a significant positive correlation with available potassium, and a significant negative correlation with pH. Among them, soil pH value is the most important factor affecting the content of astragalus extract, astragaloside IV and verrucous glucoside, followed by total phosphorus, organic matter and total nitrogen.  Conclusion  The results revealed that the soil factors is the main influencing factor of the quality of Astragalus membranaceus in Minle County, which can provide a theoretical basis for the standardized cultivation of Astragalus membranaceus in Minle County.
  • [1] 侯格平, 甄东升, 姜青龙, 等. 张掖市沿山冷凉灌区黄芪GAP生产技术规程[J]. 甘肃科技, 2017, 33(8):147-148, 94. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1000-0952.2017.08.055
    [2] 李光跃. 黄芪有效成分与生态因子相关性及干旱胁迫对黄芪黄酮类成分积累的影响[D]. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古大学, 2017.
    [3] 国家药典委员会. 中华人民共和国药典四部[S].北京: 中国医药科技出版社, 2015.
    [4] GB 5009.11-2014. 食品安全国家标准 食品中总砷及无机砷的测定[S].北京: 中国标准出版社, 2016.
    [5] GB 5009.17-2014. 食品安全国家标准 食品中总汞及有机汞的测定[S].北京: 中国标准出版社, 2016.
    [6] 国家药典委员会. 中华人民共和国药典一部[S]. 北京: 中国医药科技出版社, 2015.
    [7] 鲁如坤. 土壤农业化学分析方法[M]. 北京:中国农业科技出版社, 1999:166-170.
    [8] 薛敏, 但仕勇. 凯氏蒸馏法测定土壤全氮应注意的事项及经验总结[J]. 农技服务, 2017, 34(9):58, 57.
    [9] 吴惠仙. 用四苯硼钠比浊法测定土壤速效钾最佳条件的研究[J]. 湖南林业科技, 1986, 13(2):41-43.
    [10] 吴永盛, 徐金龙, 庄姜云, 等. 微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法同时测定土壤中8种重金属元素[J]. 中国无机分析化学, 2017, 7(4):16-20. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.2095-1035.2017.04.004
    [11] WM2‒2001. 药用植物及制剂进出口绿色行业标准[S].北京: 中国标准出版社, 2001.
    [12] GB 15618‒2018. 土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)[S].北京: 中国环境出版社, 2018.
    [13] 尚晓娜, 宋平顺, 李士博, 等. 板蓝根有效成分含量与土壤因子的相关性和灰色关联度研究[J]. 中国农学通报, 2012, 28(30):151-154. doi:  10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0127
    [14] 尚晓娜, 宋平顺, 杨锡, 等. 甘肃不同地域甘草有效成分含量与土壤因子关系的研究[J]. 中国农学通报, 2012, 28(28):245-249. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1000-6850.2012.28.044
    [15] 鲍智娟, 盖平, 邢秀琴, 等. 吉林省西部人工甘草种群生长与环境因子的灰色关联分析[J]. 吉林农业大学学报, 2010, 32(1):9-13.
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Study on the relationship between soil and quality of Astragalus membranaceus in Minle, Gansu

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.201906077

Abstract:   Objective  To study the relationship between the quality of Astragalus membranaceus and soil in Gansu Minle.  Methods  we sampled the medicinal materials and soils of Astragalus membranaceus in Minle County, and determined the medicinal quality, soil factors and heavy metal elements by high performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and etc.  Results  The quality of Minle Astragalus meets the requirements of the Pharmacopoeia standards and is low on the risk of heavy metal pollution. There was a significant negative correlation between the extract and the available potassium. There was a significant positive correlation between the astragaloside IV and the available potassium. There was a highly significant positive correlation between calycosin-7-glucoside and soluble salt. There was a significant positive correlation with available potassium, and a significant negative correlation with pH. Among them, soil pH value is the most important factor affecting the content of astragalus extract, astragaloside IV and verrucous glucoside, followed by total phosphorus, organic matter and total nitrogen.  Conclusion  The results revealed that the soil factors is the main influencing factor of the quality of Astragalus membranaceus in Minle County, which can provide a theoretical basis for the standardized cultivation of Astragalus membranaceus in Minle County.

ZHANG Bo, BAN Xiaojun, YU Zheyuan, LI Xiaofang, WANG Xiaoxia. Study on the relationship between soil and quality of Astragalus membranaceus in Minle, Gansu[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2020, 38(2): 156-160. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.201906077
Citation: ZHANG Bo, BAN Xiaojun, YU Zheyuan, LI Xiaofang, WANG Xiaoxia. Study on the relationship between soil and quality of Astragalus membranaceus in Minle, Gansu[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2020, 38(2): 156-160. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.201906077
  • 黄芪,又名绵芪,是一种药食两用材料,主产于山西、甘肃、内蒙古等地,是临床应用最为广泛的补益中药,在我国已有2000多年的药用历史。目前,以黄芪为原料生产的中成药达200多种,因此黄芪药材质量的稳定可控是其临床疗效的重要保证。由于长期大量采挖,近几年来野生黄芪的数量急剧减少,因此黄芪被确定为渐危种、国家三级保护植物,药用黄芪以人工栽培为主要来源。

    甘肃民乐地处河西走廊中段,具有强日照、大温差、降雨少的气候特征,大气、水质洁净,土壤质地疏松,适于黄芪等根茎类中药材生长[1]。研究表明,黄芪在生长发育中受到气候因子、地理因子、土壤因子等的共同调节作用[2]。本文通过对民乐县域内中药材种植基地的黄芪质量与土壤条件进行分析研究,在对黄芪药材质量和土壤状况进行综合评价的基础上,探索并揭示当地人工种植黄芪的质量与土壤因子的内在规律,以期进一步增强民乐县黄芪药材的市场竞争力,并为民乐县建设规范化药源基地提供有益资料。

  • 2018年10月,采挖民乐县不同药材基地的黄芪样品28批,经班小军副主任药师鉴定为豆科植物蒙古黄芪的干燥根。每个基地随机挖取整株药材后,阴干,粉碎,过四号筛,备用。同时,以随机多点采样法,采集对应黄芪根基土壤(耕作层约10~30 cm处)样品28份,每份重约1 kg,经充分混合,用四分法缩分后,自然风干,保存,供测试用。试验样品基本信息见表1

    编号采样地点海拔(m)种植面积(亩)
    1顺化镇王家庄村2 242200
    2顺化镇王家庄村2 243200
    3顺化镇张宋村2 242100
    4顺化镇张宋村2 242100
    5顺化镇列四坝村基地12 34850
    6顺化镇列四坝村基地12 34850
    7顺化镇列四坝村基地22 348150
    8顺化镇列四坝村基地22 348150
    9顺化镇列四坝村基地32 346120
    10顺化镇列四坝村基地32 347120
    11三堡镇宏寺村2 022200
    12三堡镇宏寺村2 022200
    13三堡镇韩家庄村基地11 892300
    14三堡镇韩家庄村基地11 890300
    15三堡镇韩家庄村基地21 922120
    16三堡镇韩家庄村基地21 923120
    17三堡镇徐家寨村基地11 886100
    18三堡镇徐家寨村基地11 890100
    19三堡镇徐家寨村基地21 886200
    20三堡镇徐家寨村基地21 886200
    21顺化镇曹营村2 385300
    22顺化镇曹营村2 384300
    23顺化镇下天乐村基地12 155150
    24顺化镇下天乐村基地12 155150
    25顺化镇下天乐村基地22 155100
    26顺化镇下天乐村基地22 157100
    27顺化镇海潮坝2 896200
    28顺化镇海潮坝2 894200
  • 黄芪质量分析实验内容主要包括:采用水溶性浸出物测定法(冷浸法)测定浸出物[3],采用原子吸收分光光度法测定药材重金属铅、镉、铜[3],采用原子荧光分光光度法测定药材重金属砷、汞[4-5],采用高效液相色谱法分别测定黄芪甲苷、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷的含量,方法详见《中国药典》2015年版一部[6]

  • 土壤因子分析方法主要参照《土壤农业化学分析方法》[7],实验内容包括采用电位法测定土壤pH值,采用灼烧法测定土壤有机质含量,采用浸提-质量法测定土壤可溶盐总量,采用开氏消煮法(H2SO4-K2SO4-CuSO4-硒粉作为消煮剂)测定土壤全氮含量[8],采用钼锑抗比色法测定土壤全磷及有机磷含量,采用四苯硼钠比浊法测定土壤速效钾含量[9]。此外,土壤重金属元素含量测定采用微波消解法制备供试品溶液[10],土壤重金属铅、镉、铜采用原子吸收分光光度法测定[3],砷、汞采用原子荧光光度法测定[4-5]

  • 黄芪质量测定结果见表2

    编号来源浸出物(%)主成分含量(%)重金属含量(mg/kg)
    黄芪甲苷毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷
    1王家庄村142.80.0860.0390.9870.0210.272 60.003 211.35
    2王家庄村240.00.0820.0400.6560.0130.245 00.003 912.61
    3张宋村142.90.0870.0420.6970.0160.242 10.002 312.70
    4张宋村244.70.0760.0440.6360.0230.231 40.002 410.98
    5列四坝村140.90.0850.0390.7450.0130.235 70.006 310.43
    6列四坝村243.90.0490.0330.7500.0210.333 70.004 813.71
    7列四坝村347.10.0510.0310.4280.0190.339 30.003 2 9.94
    8列四坝村449.60.0510.0330.8720.0150.333 50.012 013.74
    9列四坝村542.70.0500.0330.6920.0190.332 50.008 910.34
    10列四坝村644.50.0500.0340.1800.0260.333 20.004 011.06
    11宏寺村139.40.0760.0320.2890.0310.574 20.004 814.55
    12宏寺村240.00.0760.0300.1950.0280.574 50.003 214.63
    13韩家庄村143.30.0750.0300.8230.0250.575 60.003 315.43
    14韩家庄村241.10.0750.0320.4350.0290.580 60.003 314.19
    15韩家庄村342.40.0760.0290.4830.0370.575 80.003 311.02
    16韩家庄村440.40.0760.0300.6800.0240.561 70.012 411.48
    17徐家寨村142.20.0840.0250.7430.0280.405 20.008 011.37
    18徐家寨村239.30.0870.0260.7290.0170.394 20.011 214.09
    19徐家寨村340.00.0850.0250.2620.0190.385 00.014 312.60
    20徐家寨村443.00.0850.0250.5220.0230.398 60.009 914.00
    21曹营村146.00.0990.0280.0860.0150.204 40.005 813.10
    22曹营村248.20.0980.0290.3480.0230.190 90.004 213.15
    23下天乐村149.70.1010.0290.9570.0070.204 90.005 811.61
    24下天乐村249.10.0660.0250.8080.0430.197 00.005 711.86
    25下天乐村348.80.0670.0250.6570.0400.184 90.005 812.55
    26下天乐村446.50.0660.0250.5420.0190.185 40.006 714.80
    27海潮坝143.90.0550.0260.6060.0220.177 00.005 012.96
    28海潮坝242.20.0550.0260.5830.0240.187 90.005 814.66

    表2数据可知,28批黄芪药材的浸出物含量为39.3%~49.7%,黄芪甲苷含量为 0.049% ~0.101%,毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量为 0.025%~0.044%。根据《中国药典》2015年版一部[6]的规定:黄芪浸出物不得少于17.0%;含黄芪甲苷不得少于0.040 %;含毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷不得少于0.020%。可见,28批黄芪样品的浸出物、黄芪甲苷、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量均高于药典标准规定。

    28批黄芪药材中重金属铅含量为0.086~0.987 mg/kg,镉含量为0.007~0.043 mg/kg,铜含量为9.94~15.43 mg/kg,砷含量为0.177 0~0.580 6 mg/kg,汞含量为0.002 3~0.014 3 mg/kg。参照《药用植物及制剂进出口绿色行业标准》[11]及《中国药典》2015年版一部[6]的重金属限度规定:铅≤5.0 mg/kg,镉≤0.3 mg/kg,砷≤2.0 mg/kg,汞≤0.2 mg/kg,铜≤20.0 mg/kg,重金属总量≤20.0 mg/kg。可见,28批黄芪样品中重金属铅、镉、砷、汞、铜的含量均在规定限度以内。

  • 土壤因子测定结果见表3

    编号来源pH土壤肥力因子 (mg/kg)重金属含量(mg/kg)
    有机质(%)全氮(%)可溶盐全磷有机磷速效钾
    1王家庄村17.5964.330.1781 490 968.32 47.52 275.26 22.690.3121.087 20.065 8 60.33
    2王家庄村27.6783.590.1871 480947.0696.08276.9921.380.3311.579 40.074 232.11
    3张宋村17.5214.060.1821 540902.9756.97272.6624.380.4851.539 10.065 839.87
    4张宋村27.5394.710.1821 2401 007.62159.54268.7529.420.3981.186 50.066 653.17
    5列四坝村17.5493.380.1871 740943.14137.37277.3020.150.3941.142 70.100 556.80
    6列四坝村27.7612.290.0681 7201 021.15310.2696.7628.490.3521.317 60.097 772.33
    7列四坝村37.7082.210.0573 110836.19240.0797.8516.620.4031.503 60.100 583.38
    8列四坝村47.7362.850.0861 750762.2666.1996.3827.690.3231.370 80.067 796.70
    9列四坝村57.7122.000.0721 730746.67184.40100.1620.140.2901.473 70.063 798.09
    10列四坝村67.5982.570.0791 640901.92316.8895.8029.590.3381.569 10.071 9109.8
    11宏寺村17.6932.800.165 740910.48104.76281.2823.590.3211.543 20.095 296.14
    12宏寺村27.7153.430.1852 1701 040.00140.00271.1819.070.1921.538 00.078 0102.5
    13韩家庄村17.7903.770.1221 060953.40104.34262.9228.230.3281.525 60.072 193.25
    14韩家庄村27.6973.730.181 7001 011.8884.26302.8818.890.2181.490 70.112 6106.9
    15韩家庄村37.6234.510.185 910109 4.2335.41271.3923.920.4471.495 20.112 0112.6
    16韩家庄村47.8673.840.1831 1401 073.58123.58273.6919.090.1851.440 30.071 7107.4
    17徐家寨村17.5272.030.1081 470856.86124.17104.9825.710.3501.417 50.069 189.17
    18徐家寨村27.7573.910.099 540843.40205.77107.8620.220.2911.403 60.069 5101.8
    19徐家寨村37.8423.870.104 730769.5268.57106.0335.360.3061.369 80.074 0101.4
    20徐家寨村47.7623.570.0961 090745.6387.14104.6817.930.4071.505 00.066 1109.0
    21曹营村17.5203.200.147 7501 041.1868.63209.1926.030.4431.456 70.071 8103.6
    22曹营村27.7235.250.1531 0501 066.6776.47226.0022.770.2831.358 10.099 6109.8
    23下天乐村17.8283.280.147 730998.10145.27211.0616.890.3581.384 40.100 2108.9
    24下天乐村27.7614.040.149 6901 400.00374.26146.1717.940.4401.480 40.072 1110.9
    25下天乐村37.6694.380.144 7801 650.98786.22144.1917.890.3812.599 40.072 4109.0
    26下天乐村47.6622.910.143 9001 465.35553.58142.8219.720.4462.313 60.071 1119.7
    27海潮坝17.8014.250.144 7601 007.6269.6293.9721.580.4602.323 90.072 0132.7
    28海潮坝27.8804.570.156 340984.47173.1590.3721.110.4472.340 40.071 9143.8

    28份土壤样品的重金属测定结果为:铅含量为16.62~35.36 mg/kg,镉含量为0.185~0.485 mg/kg,砷含量为1.0872~2.599 4 mg/kg,汞含量为0.063 7~0.112 6 mg/kg,铜含量为32.11~143.8 mg/kg。《土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》中规定农用地土壤重金属污染风险筛选值[12]:铅为170 mg/kg,镉为0.6 mg/kg,砷为25 mg/kg,汞为3.4 mg/kg,铜为100 mg/kg。可见,28份黄芪根基土壤样品中重金属铅、镉、砷、汞的含量均低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,但其中16份土壤样品的铜含量高于其筛选值。

    基于农用地土壤污染风险管控标准中管制值项目不包括铜[12],并结合28批黄芪药材重金属的测定结果综合分析,可认为土壤受重金属污染的风险低,一般情况下可以不对民乐县域内黄芪药材的生长土壤进行重金属监测。

  • 运用SPSS19.0软件分别计算28批黄芪的浸出物、黄芪甲苷、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量与各土壤因子的相关系数[13],结果见表4

    成分pH值可溶盐有机质全氮全磷有机磷速效钾
    浸出物 −0.017 0.046 0.015 −0.371 0.258 0.205 −0.386*
    黄芪甲苷−0.105−0.2970.2480.2550.019 −0.3100.388*
    毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷 −0.408* 0.592**−0.1050.300−0.161 −0.1510.386*
      *P<0.05,呈显著相关;**P<0.01,呈极显著相关

    表4可知,浸出物与速效钾呈显著负相关,即浸出物随土壤速效钾含量的增加而降低;黄芪甲苷与速效钾呈显著正相关,即黄芪甲苷随土壤速效钾含量的增加而增加;毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷与可溶盐呈极显著正相关,与速效钾呈显著正相关,与pH值呈显著负相关,即毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷随土壤可溶盐和速效钾含量的增加而增加,随土壤pH值的增大而降低。浸出物、黄芪甲苷、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷与测定的其他土壤因子无显著相关性。

  • 对黄芪质量和土壤因子数据进行灰色关联度分析[14-15],结果见表5

    成分pH (r1)可溶盐(r2)有机质(r3)全氮(r4)全磷(r5)有机磷(r6)速效钾(r7)
    浸出物0.918 70.667 40.776 60.740 00.860 10.602 10.625 4
    黄芪甲苷0.981 80.675 50.799 90.749 70.858 50.599 90.637 6
    毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷0.848 20.740 40.774 00.774 00.800 40.598 20.718 1

    表5可知,从浸出物和黄芪甲苷的角度考虑,7个土壤因子按关联度大小排序均为:r1>r5>r3>r4>r2>r7>r6,结果表明土壤pH是影响黄芪浸出物和黄芪甲苷含量的重要因子,其次是全磷、有机质和全氮;从毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷的角度考虑,7个土壤因子按关联度大小排序为:r1>r5>r3=r4>r2>r7>r6,结果表明土壤pH值是影响毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量的重要因子,其次是全磷、有机质和全氮。

  • 28批次药材的测定结果表明,民乐县黄芪药材的质量普遍较好,受重金属污染风险低,符合国家药典标准规定。土壤重金属测定结果表明,民乐县域内土壤重金属对黄芪生长和质量安全的污染风险低,但其中16份土壤样品富集重金属铜的含量高于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值。虽然目前尚无关于土壤中铜含量的管控标准,但监控黄芪种植土壤中重金属铜含量的变化对于保护民乐县中药材种植土壤环境、保障黄芪质量安全具有重要意义。因此,对黄芪种植土壤进行重金属铜含量的监测是必要的。

    民乐县黄芪药材浸出物、黄芪甲苷、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷与各土壤因子间的关联度顺序基本一致。其中,土壤pH值是影响三者含量的最关键因素,其次为土壤全磷、有机质、全氮。浸出物与速效钾呈显著负相关,黄芪甲苷、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量则与速效钾呈显著正相关。除此之外,毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量还与可溶盐呈极显著正相关,与pH值呈显著负相关。因此,调节土壤中全氮、有机质、速效钾、全磷含量以及适当改良土壤质地,对提高民乐黄芪药材的品质具有重要意义。在实际种植中,应该综合考虑地理、气候和土壤环境等各因素的影响,才能保证黄芪品质和产量的稳定性。

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