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Volume 39 Issue 1
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WEI Chunlan, LI Wenyuan. Pharmaceutical care for a patient with pancytopenia and liver injury induced by methimazole[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2021, 39(1): 86-89. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202004025
Citation: WEI Chunlan, LI Wenyuan. Pharmaceutical care for a patient with pancytopenia and liver injury induced by methimazole[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2021, 39(1): 86-89. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202004025

Pharmaceutical care for a patient with pancytopenia and liver injury induced by methimazole

doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202004025
  • Received Date: 2020-04-06
  • Rev Recd Date: 2020-05-28
  • Publish Date: 2021-01-25
  •   Objective  To explore the treatment of pancytopenia and liver injury induced by methimazole and provide medication therapy reference for clinical pharmacists in clinical practice.  Methods  The clinical pharmacists provided clinical interventions by the evaluation of adverse drug reactions, assessment of the therapeutic effects, adjustment of therapeutic regime based on the patient′s disease condition.  Results  The physician adopted the recommendations from the clinical pharmacists. The patient with pancytopenia and liver injury induced by methimazole gradually recovered with biochemical indices back to normal levels.  Conclusion  The therapeutic outcome was improved with clinical pharmacist’s knowledge on medication, optimization of therapeutic regime and implement of pharmaceutical care.
  • [1] 张之南, 沈悌. 血液病诊断及疗效标准[M]. 3版. 北京: 科学出版社, 2007.
    [2] WATANABE N, NARIMATSU H, NOH J Y, et al. Antithyroid drug-induced hematopoietic damage: a retrospective cohort study of agranulocytosis and pancytopenia involving 50, 385 patients with Graves' disease[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2012,97(1):E49-E53. doi:  10.1210/jc.2011-2221
    [3] YANG J, ZHU Y J, ZHONG J J, et al. Characteristics of antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis in patients with hyperthyroidism: a retrospective analysis of 114 cases in a single institution in China involving 9690 patients referred for radioiodine treatment over 15 years[J]. Thyroid,2016,26(5):627-633. doi:  10.1089/thy.2015.0439
    [4] 于红专. 复方甘草合剂致血小板减少性紫癜并脑出血1例报告[J]. 中国中医急症, 2006, 15(5):450. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1004-745X.2006.05.076
    [5] 李岚, 夏东胜, 田春华, 等. 甲巯咪唑片安全性风险的分析及思考[J]. 中国药物警戒, 2018, 15(7):393-397. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1672-8629.2018.07.003
    [6] 中华医学会肝病学分会药物性肝病学组. 药物性肝损伤诊治指南[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2015, 31(11):1752-1769. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2015.11.002
    [7] ROSS D S, BURCH H B, COOPER D S, et al. 2016 American thyroid association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis[J]. Thyroid,2016,26(10):1343-1421. doi:  10.1089/thy.2016.0229
    [8] 中华医学会内分泌学分会《中国甲状腺疾病诊治指南》编写组. 中国甲状腺疾病诊治指南—甲状腺功能亢进症[J]. 中华内科杂志, 2007, 46(10):876-882.
    [9] 中华医学会血液学分会, 中国医师协会血液科医师分会. 中国中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热患者抗菌药物临床应用指南(2016年版)[J]. 中华血液学杂志, 2016, 37(5):353-359. doi:  10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2016.05.001
    [10] SMITH T J, KHATCHERESSIAN J, LYMAN G H, et al. 2006 update of recommendations for the use of white blood cell growth factors: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline[J]. J Clin Oncol,2006,24(19):3187-3205. doi:  10.1200/JCO.2006.06.4451
    [11] WANG Y H, LI X Y, YANG Q, et al. Granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor effectively shortens recovery duration in anti-thyroid-drug-induced agranulocytosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne),2019,10:789. doi:  10.3389/fendo.2019.00789
    [12] 中国临床肿瘤学会指南工作委员会. 肿瘤放化疗相关中性粒细胞减少症规范化管理指南[J]. 中华肿瘤杂志, 2017, 39(11):868-878. doi:  10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2017.11.011
    [13] ANDRÈS E, MALOISEL F, ZIMMER J. The role of haematopoietic growth factors granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the management of drug-induced agranulocytosis[J]. Br J Haematol,2010,150(1):3-8.
    [14] TAJIRI J, NOGUCHI S. Antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis: how has granulocyte colony-stimulating factor changed therapy?[J]. Thyroid, 2005, 15(3): 292-297.
    [15] JIN J G, GAO X Y, ZHANG W L. Treatment of methimazole-induced agranulocytosis with low-dose prednisone and ciclosporin following failed treatment with colony-stimulating factors[J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf),2010,73(3):422-424.
    [16] ANDRÈS E, ZIMMER J, MECILI M, et al. Clinical presentation and management of drug-induced agranulocytosis[J]. Expert Rev Hematol,2011,4(2):143-151. doi:  10.1586/ehm.11.12
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Pharmaceutical care for a patient with pancytopenia and liver injury induced by methimazole

doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202004025

Abstract:   Objective  To explore the treatment of pancytopenia and liver injury induced by methimazole and provide medication therapy reference for clinical pharmacists in clinical practice.  Methods  The clinical pharmacists provided clinical interventions by the evaluation of adverse drug reactions, assessment of the therapeutic effects, adjustment of therapeutic regime based on the patient′s disease condition.  Results  The physician adopted the recommendations from the clinical pharmacists. The patient with pancytopenia and liver injury induced by methimazole gradually recovered with biochemical indices back to normal levels.  Conclusion  The therapeutic outcome was improved with clinical pharmacist’s knowledge on medication, optimization of therapeutic regime and implement of pharmaceutical care.

WEI Chunlan, LI Wenyuan. Pharmaceutical care for a patient with pancytopenia and liver injury induced by methimazole[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2021, 39(1): 86-89. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202004025
Citation: WEI Chunlan, LI Wenyuan. Pharmaceutical care for a patient with pancytopenia and liver injury induced by methimazole[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2021, 39(1): 86-89. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202004025
  • 甲巯咪唑(MMI)为硫脲类抗甲状腺药物(ATD),是治疗甲状腺功能亢进症的一线药物,其常见的不良反应为过敏性皮肤反应,一般较轻微,罕见的不良反应有血液系统异常(如全血细胞减少)和肝损伤等,若未及时治疗可危及生命。全血细胞减少是指患者未接受过放、化疗,至少连续2次外周血三系细胞数量均低于正常值,即WBC<4.0×109/L(ANC<1.5×109/L)、RBC<3.5(3.0)×1012/L或Hb<110(100)g/L、PLT<100×109/L[1]。据报道,ATD致全血细胞减少的发生率在日本约为0.01%[2],在我国约为0.04%[3],同时合并肝损伤就更为少见。笔者对1例甲巯咪唑致全血细胞减少及肝损伤患者进行病例分析,为治疗该类患者提供用药参考。

  • 患者女,30岁,54 kg,因“发热、咽痛、乏力3 d”于2019年10月6日入院。患者6个月前无明显诱因出现怕热多汗、多食易饥、易怒、心悸、失眠症状,7月25日查甲状腺功能:FT3 31.55 pmol/L,TT3 7.38 nmol/L,FT4 85.15 pmol/L,TT4 260.5 nmol/L,TSH<0.005 mIU/L,甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TgAb) 267 IU/ml,甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb) 72.4 IU/ml;肝功能、血常规正常;甲状腺摄碘率:3 h 46.1%,6 h 67.7%,24 h 71.2%;诊断为甲状腺功能亢进症,予甲巯咪唑片10 mg/次,3次/d。9月2日复查甲功:TSH 0.0014 mIU/L,FT3 7.17 pmol/L,FT4 22.51 pmol/L,Anti-TSHR 7.57 IU/L;血常规正常;肝功:ALT 95 IU/L,AST 53 IU/L;予复方甘草酸苷片(含甘草酸苷25 mg)1片/次,3次/d保肝治疗。10月3日患者出现发热、咽痛伴乏力,最高体温40 ℃,自行服用对乙酰氨基酚片0.75 g/次,2次/d。10月5日患者病情无好转,于本院急诊科查血常规:WBC 0.56×109/L,NEUT 0.031×109/L,Hb 94 g/L,PCT 16.24 ng/ml,立即停用甲巯咪唑,予莫西沙星、头孢哌酮舒巴坦、重组人粒细胞刺激因子等治疗1 d,复查血常规:WBC 0.64×109/L,NEUT 0.009×109/L,Hb 97 g/L,为进一步治疗收治入院。患者无心、肝、血液系统疾病史,无药物过敏史,无低碘区居住史。

    入院查体:T 40.4 ℃,P 106次/min,R 20次/min,BP 133/68 mmHg;皮肤及巩膜轻度黄染;咽部黏膜充血,扁桃体Ⅱ度肿大、脓性分泌物附着;甲状腺Ⅰ度肿大、质软、无压痛、未扪及结节;右下肢散在黄豆大小皮肤破溃。

    入院诊断:甲状腺功能亢进症,中性粒细胞缺乏,化脓性扁桃体炎。

  • 该患者在本院住院治疗期间的主要临床信息及药物治疗经过详见图1

  • 疾病方面,甲亢和严重感染性疾病均可致全血细胞减少。患者出现典型甲亢症状约3个月后开始口服MMI治疗,用药前血常规正常,服药后FT3、FT4降至正常,可排除甲亢导致的全血细胞减少。患者初诊时严重中性粒细胞缺乏、轻度贫血,入院第5天PCT、hsCRP下降明显,仍发展为三系细胞减少,当感染治愈后中性粒细胞未恢复至正常值,可排除严重感染性疾病导致的全血细胞减少。药物方面,无复方甘草酸苷片各组分致全血细胞减少的报道,虽有甘草合剂致血小板减少的个案,但二者关联性不明确[4]。日本一项50 385例的回顾性研究发现,MMI致全血细胞减少的中位时间为41 d(32~97 d),累计剂量为1 200~2 109 mg,但发病机制尚不明确,可能与ATD致中性粒细胞缺乏的机制重叠,当严重的粒细胞缺乏不及时干预可发展为全血细胞减少[2]。患者服用MMI 71 d,累计剂量为2 130 mg,根据Naranjo评估量表患者得分情况如下:该ADR先前有结论性报告(1分)、该ADR是在使用MMI后发生(2分)、存在客观证据证实该ADR与MMI有关(1分),总分4分,故患者全血细胞减少可能与MMI相关。

    药物性肝损伤为排他性诊断,患者无肝病史、嗜酒史,经辅助检查可排除甲亢、病毒性肝炎、自身免疫性肝炎、脂肪肝、肝脏占位及胆囊结石导致的肝损伤,故考虑药物因素可能性大。MMI致肝损伤大多发生在用药12周内[5],主要为胆汁淤积型,其次为肝细胞损伤型和混合型。本例肝损伤首先表现为AST和ALT轻度升高,虽服用复方甘草酸苷片仍出现黄疸,TBIL>5ULN,R值=1.74,为胆汁淤积型重度肝损伤[6], 根据RUCAM量表患者得分情况如下:首次服用MMI 39 d后出现肝脏生化学检查异常(2分)、排查其他原因(2分)、MMI说明书中有肝毒性报告(2分),总分6分,故患者肝损伤很可能与MMI相关。

  • 甲亢患者ATD疗程一般为12~18个月,但当ANC≤0.5×109/L[7](或ANC<1.5×109/L[8]),或转氨酶>3 ULN或持续升高,或出现黄疸时应停药。患者入院时NEUT 0.009×109/L,皮肤及巩膜可见黄染,因此需立即停用MMI。由于ATD致粒细胞缺乏可能在再次服药时出现,且ATD之间有交叉反应,不宜换用另一种药物,后续可采用放射性131I或外科手术治疗。

  • 患者10月6日NEUT 0.01×109/L,危险度分层为高危,宜采取降阶梯抗感染的策略,初始方案须覆盖铜绿假单胞菌等严重G-[9]。患者使用美罗培南4 d,体温波动于39.5 ℃,扁桃体I度肿大,PCT 0.31 ng/ml,评估抗感染效果不佳。由于患者右下肢皮肤破溃未愈合,不排除该处为感染灶之一,因此,临床药师建议联用万古霉素加强抗金黄色葡萄球菌等G+菌力度,于用药48 h后监测谷浓度以确保万古霉素达有效治疗浓度(10~15 mg/L)。患者经美罗培南联合万古霉素抗感染5 d后,体温下降至36.8 ℃,生命体征平稳,选用头孢哌酮舒巴坦行降阶梯治疗。

  • 临床上通常使用粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)和粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)以降低化疗药物引起的粒细胞缺乏者的感染风险,但二者未被批准用于非化疗药物导致的粒细胞缺乏症。GM-CSF用于ATD诱导的粒细胞减少缺少文献报道,且可引起血小板下降。多数作者主张在严重粒细胞缺乏或预后不佳的重症患者中使用G-CSF,以帮助其度过危险期[3, 10]。一项Meta分析表明,G-CSF可有效缩短亚洲人群ATD致粒细胞缺乏的恢复时间[WMD=−3.16 d(95%CI:−4.58~−1.74,P=0.000)][11]。因骨髓中成熟中性粒细胞约2.5×1012个,而原始粒细胞分化为成熟中性粒细胞需7~14 d,故使用G-CSF后,中性粒细胞绝对值(ANC)曲线呈双峰形。首先,G-CSF促进骨髓中成熟粒细胞向外周血释放形成第1峰,由于新的成熟粒细胞未生成,此时不宜停药;其次,G-CSF刺激骨髓粒系造血祖细胞加速增殖、分化、成熟和释放,使ANC降至最低点后再次逐渐上升形成第2个峰[12]。根据CTCAE5.0标准,患者为中性粒细胞减少4级,使用G-CSF 150 μg/d 4 d后,ANC曲线第1个高峰不明显,可能与药物剂量不足或骨髓长时间被抑制有关。G-CSF升高ANC呈剂量依赖性,一般给药剂量为300 μg/d或5 μg/(kg·d),重症患者可根据临床效果增加剂量[13-14],在G-CSF治疗无效时使用小剂量泼尼松可有效升高ANC水平。由于糖皮质激素可抑制免疫反应,患者当前感染严重,因此,临床药师建议将G-CSF的用量增至300 μg/d,同时警惕肌肉、骨骼疼痛等ADR,糖皮质激素仅在G-CSF治疗无效后且在足量抗菌药物的前提下慎重使用[15]。ANC<0.1×109/L是公认的预后不佳的因素之一,可作为G-CSF的停药指征[16]。2015版《临床用药须知》指出,严重感染伴粒细胞减少者,ANC≥1.0×109/L时停用G-CSF。本例患者的ANC经第一个高峰后升至1.593×109/L,此时感染已控制,予以停用G-CSF,合理把握了停药时机。

  • 全血细胞减少合并肝损伤是ATD罕见的严重不良反应,早诊断、早治疗则预后良好,否则可能继发严重感染从而威胁生命。因此,如何防范并及早发现上述不良反应,需临床药师做好用药教育:①建议患者监测血常规,在治疗初期前3个月每周1次,维持治疗期间每月1次,当WBC<4.0×109/L但ANC>1.5×109/L时,通常不用停药,可服用维生素B4等升白细胞药物。②提醒患者服药期间若出现咽喉疼痛、口腔炎、发热等症状,应立即就诊,并告知医生正在服用ATD。③建议患者在治疗初期的前3个月,每月监测1次肝功能,若出现厌食、上腹部疼痛、黄疸等症状时,应立即就诊。

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