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Volume 39 Issue 3
May  2021
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GE Jiajia, ZHANG Yingying. Meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of β- lactams combined with macrolides in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in children[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2021, 39(3): 274-279. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202007077
Citation: GE Jiajia, ZHANG Yingying. Meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of β- lactams combined with macrolides in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in children[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2021, 39(3): 274-279. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202007077

Meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of β- lactams combined with macrolides in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in children

doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202007077
  • Received Date: 2020-07-20
  • Rev Recd Date: 2021-03-15
  • Available Online: 2021-05-25
  • Publish Date: 2021-05-25
  •   Objective  To compare the efficacy and safety of β - lactams alone and the combination of β - lactams with macrolides in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia(CAP) in children.  Methods  PubMed, CNKI and VIP databases were searched by computer. RCT on children with CAP treated by β-lactams and macrolides were collected. The retrieval time was from the establishment of the database to July 2020. Literatures were selected and data was extracted according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The risk of bias was evaluated, RevMan 5.3 software was used for Meta-analysis.  Results  Thirteen articles with 1788 patients were included in the study. The results showed that the clinical efficacy of the combination therapy in the experimental group was better than that in the control group [RR = 1.11, CI = 1.07–1.15, P < 0.000 01]. The time for fever returning to normal was shorter in the experimental group than that in the control group [MD = −1.31, CI =−1.58– −1.05, P < 0.000 01]. The disappearance time of pulmonary rales was shorter in the experimental group than that in the control group [MD = −1.75, CI = −2.13– −1.37, P < 0.000 01], There was no statistically significant difference in adverse reactions between the two groups (P > 0.05).  Conclusion  The combination therapy of β - lactams and macrolides is better than β-lactams alone in children with CAP with no significant difference in adverse reactions. Limited by the quantity and quality of the included studies, the conclusions from this study need to be further verified by large samples of high-quality RCT.
  • [1] 中华医学会呼吸病学分会. 社区获得性肺炎诊断和治疗指南[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2006, 29(10):651-655. doi:  10.3760/j:issn:1001-0939.2006.10.002
    [2] 朱宏斌. 阿奇霉素联合头孢曲松治疗儿童重症社区获得性肺炎临床观察[J]. 首都食品与医药, 2005(3):25-26. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1005-8257.2005.03.013
    [3] 李秋双. 头孢曲松钠联合阿奇霉素治疗儿童重症社区获得性肺炎[J]. 河北医药, 2008, 30(6):826. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-7386.2008.06.052
    [4] 罗亚辉, 廖志雄. 头孢曲松钠联合阿奇霉素治疗儿童重症社区获得性肺炎临床观察[J]. 中国微生态学杂志, 2008, 20(1):68, 70.
    [5] 高永强, 郝菊梅, 马灼强, 等. 阿奇霉素联合头孢类抗生素治疗社区获得性肺炎63例分析[J]. 社区医学杂志, 2008, 6(6):21-22. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1672-4208.2008.06.013
    [6] 冯光毅, 胡蓉. β-内酰胺类抗菌素联合阿奇霉素治疗儿童社区获得性肺炎的临床观察[J]. 华西医学, 2008, 23(4):854-855. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-0179.2008.04.107
    [7] 黄芪, 刘烨, 李大伟. 头孢曲松钠联合阿奇霉素治疗小儿社区获得性肺炎69例疗效分析[J]. 中国医学工程, 2011, 19(1):95-96.
    [8] 刘卫东. 头孢他啶联合阿奇霉素治疗小儿肺炎的临床疗效[J]. 中国医学工程, 2013, 21(9):142.
    [9] 陈荣. 头孢他啶联合阿奇霉素治疗儿童社区获得性肺炎临床观察[J]. 中国现代药物应用, 2014, 8(4):14-16.
    [10] 范小萍, 鲍晓岑, 李晓英. 头孢菌素联合阿奇霉素治疗小儿社区获得性肺炎的疗效观察[J]. 中国卫生标准管理, 2015, 6(15):134-135.
    [11] AMBROGGIO L, TEST M, METLAY J P, et al. Beta-lactam versus beta- lactam/macrolide therapy in pediatric outpatient pneumonia[J]. Pediatr Pulmonol,2016,51(5):541-548. doi:  10.1002/ppul.23312
    [12] 夏剑萍. 头孢曲松钠与阿奇霉素联用对社区获得性肺炎患儿的疗效与安全性评价[J]. 抗感染药学, 2016, 13(3):536-538.
    [13] 齐艳芳. 头孢菌素联合阿奇霉素治疗小儿社区获得性肺炎的临床对照分析[J]. 全科口腔医学电子杂志, 2017, 4(11):58-59.
    [14] 戚海波. 内酰胺类联合大环内酯类抗生素治疗儿童重症社区获得性肺炎的临床效果探讨[J]. 中外医学研究, 2018, 16(10):34-35.
    [15] 孙寅田, 王博龙, 张军雷, 等. β-内酰胺类联合大环内酯类抗生素治疗社区获得性肺炎有效性及安全性的Meta分析[J]. 宜春学院学报, 2015, 37(9):23-25. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1671-380X.2015.09.007
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Meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of β- lactams combined with macrolides in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in children

doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202007077

Abstract:   Objective  To compare the efficacy and safety of β - lactams alone and the combination of β - lactams with macrolides in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia(CAP) in children.  Methods  PubMed, CNKI and VIP databases were searched by computer. RCT on children with CAP treated by β-lactams and macrolides were collected. The retrieval time was from the establishment of the database to July 2020. Literatures were selected and data was extracted according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The risk of bias was evaluated, RevMan 5.3 software was used for Meta-analysis.  Results  Thirteen articles with 1788 patients were included in the study. The results showed that the clinical efficacy of the combination therapy in the experimental group was better than that in the control group [RR = 1.11, CI = 1.07–1.15, P < 0.000 01]. The time for fever returning to normal was shorter in the experimental group than that in the control group [MD = −1.31, CI =−1.58– −1.05, P < 0.000 01]. The disappearance time of pulmonary rales was shorter in the experimental group than that in the control group [MD = −1.75, CI = −2.13– −1.37, P < 0.000 01], There was no statistically significant difference in adverse reactions between the two groups (P > 0.05).  Conclusion  The combination therapy of β - lactams and macrolides is better than β-lactams alone in children with CAP with no significant difference in adverse reactions. Limited by the quantity and quality of the included studies, the conclusions from this study need to be further verified by large samples of high-quality RCT.

GE Jiajia, ZHANG Yingying. Meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of β- lactams combined with macrolides in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in children[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2021, 39(3): 274-279. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202007077
Citation: GE Jiajia, ZHANG Yingying. Meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of β- lactams combined with macrolides in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in children[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2021, 39(3): 274-279. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202007077
  • 社区获得性肺炎(community-acquired pneumonia,CAP)是指在医院外罹患的感染性肺实质(含肺泡壁,即广义上的肺间质)炎症,包括具有明确潜伏期的病原体感染而在入院后潜伏期内发病的肺炎[1]。儿童由于自身免疫力差,很容易受到病原菌感染而罹患CAP。其主要病因是由于病原菌的感染引起患者不适,抗感染治疗是CAP患者主要的治疗手段。因此,选择合适的抗感染药物尤其关键。

    以往的观点认为,治疗CAP不能联合应用β-内酰胺类和大环内酯类,药理学角度解释为:作为繁殖期杀菌剂的β-内酰胺类主要通过干扰细菌增殖活跃期细胞壁的合成来杀伤细菌。然而大环内酯类作为快速抑菌剂,抑制细菌处于静止状态,影响β-内酰胺类的繁殖期杀菌作用,两者的药理作用机制相互矛盾,因此认为联合应用时临床疗效不佳。但在临床实践中我们发现,两类药物联用时表现出良好的疗效。β-内酰胺类与大环内酯类的联用治疗仍存有争议。虽然已有研究采用Meta分析方法对CAP患者的临床疗效与安全性进行了综合评价,但却没有专门针对易感染儿童CAP的相关Meta分析。笔者通过检索PubMed、CNKI和VIP数据库,搜集使用β-内酰胺类联合大环内酯类药物治疗儿童CAP的RCT研究,按照纳入与排除标准筛选文献、提取相关数据,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析,对儿童联合使用β-内酰胺类与大环内酯类药物的安全性与有效性进行探究,以期能够为临床儿童CAP患者选择更好的抗感染方案提供参考。

  • 本文纳入的均为RCT研究。

  • 符合国内外CAP诊治指南诊断标准的儿童CAP患者。

  • 试验组采用β-内酰胺类联合大环内酯类药物治疗,对照组单用β-内酰胺类药物治疗。

  • ①临床有效率。临床有效率 =(痊愈例数 + 显效例数)/总例数×100%。痊愈为临床症状、体征消失或基本消失,实验室检查指标恢复正常,无需继续使用抗生素治疗;显效为临床症状、体征明显缓解,实验室检查指标恢复正常,无需继续使用抗生素治疗。②发热消退时间。③肺部啰音消失时间。④不良反应发生率。

  • ①重复发表的文献;②无法提取数据的文献;③研究的对象为成人CAP患者的文献;④非随机对照试验。

  • 检索PubMed、CNKI、VIP数据库,搜集使用β-内酰胺类联合大环内酯类对照单用β-内酰胺类治疗的非ICU住院CAP患者的RCT,检索时限均从建库截至2020年7月。英文检索词为pneumonias、children、beta lactams、penicillin、cephalosporin antibiotics、cephamycin、cefoxitin、carbapenems、macrolides、randomized controlled trial等。中文检索词为社区获得性肺炎、儿童、小儿、大环内酯、红霉素、罗红霉素、克拉霉素、阿奇霉素、β-内酰胺、青霉素、氨苄西林、头孢。

  • 由两人按纳入与排除标准进行文献筛选和资料提取。文献资料提取使用Excel软件。资料提取内容包括:第一作者、发表时间、题目、杂志名称、研究设计类型、样本量、干预措施的具体细节(药物名称、剂量、疗程、用法)、所评价的结局指标情况等。并对纳入的RCT研究进行偏倚风险评估。

  • 采用RevMan 5.3软件进行统计分析。本研究所评价结局指标数据中,计量资料使用均数差与95%CI,计数资料采用相对危险度(RR)为效应分析统计量,同时给出其95%CI。纳入研究结果间的异质性采用I2=50作为分界定量判断异质性的大小,I2<50%不存在异质性,选择采用固定效应模型进行分析;I2>50%存在异质性,采用随机效应模型进行分析。若各研究结果间存在统计学异质性,明显的临床异质性采用亚组分析或敏感性分析等方法进行处理,Meta分析的检验水准设为α=0.05。

  • 初检共得到499篇文献,经逐层筛选后,最终纳入13篇文献[2-14],其中,中文12篇,英文1篇。13个RCT共包括1 788例患者,其中,单用β-内酰胺类组1 101例,β-内酰胺类联合大环内酯类组687例。文献筛选流程及结果见图1

  • 纳入文献与纳入研究的基本特征见表1

    研究项目例数(单药组/联用组)年龄干预措施疗程(t/d)结局指标
    单用β-内酰胺β-内酰胺联合大环内酯类
    朱宏斌2005[2]39/424~14岁头孢曲松钠针50~80 mg/(kg·d)头孢曲松50~80 mg/(kg·d)
     阿奇霉素5~10 mg/(kg·d)
    6~9
    李秋双2008[3]39/416个月至14岁头孢曲松钠针80 mg/(kg·d)头孢曲松钠针80 mg/(kg·d)
     阿奇霉素颗粒10 mg/(kg·d)
    6~9①②
    罗亚辉2008[4]46/466个月至7岁头孢曲松钠针50~80 mg/(kg·d)头孢曲松50~80 mg/(kg·d)
     阿奇霉素10 mg/(kg·d)
    5~7①③④
    高永强2008[5]63/673~12岁头孢曲松钠60~80 mg/(kg·d)头孢曲松钠60~80 mg/(kg·d)
     阿奇霉素10 mg/(kg·d)
    5~10①②
    冯光毅2008[6]45/455个月至14岁头孢噻肟钠50~100 mg/(kg·d)头孢噻肟50~100 mg/(kg·d)
     阿奇霉素10 mg/(kg·d)
    3~5①②③④
    黄芪2011[7]69/693个月至14岁头孢曲松钠80 mg/(kg·d)头孢曲松钠80 mg/(kg·d)
     阿奇霉素10 mg/(kg·d)
    5~10①②
    刘卫东2013[8]34/342~5岁头孢他啶50~100 mg/(kg·d)头孢他啶50~100 mg/(kg·d)
     阿奇霉素10~15 mg/(kg·d)
    5~10①③④
    陈荣2014[9]40/401~13岁头孢他啶50~100 mg/(kg·d)头孢他啶50~100 mg/(kg·d)
     阿奇霉素10 mg/(kg·d)
    7~14①④
    范小萍2015[10]34/342~13岁头孢菌素80 mg/(kg·d)头孢菌素80 mg/(kg·d)
     阿奇霉素8~10 mg/(kg·d)
    14
    Ambroggio 2015[11]570/1471~18岁β-内酰胺β-内酰胺联合大环内酯14①②
    夏剑萍2016[12]54/546个月至7岁头孢曲松钠1.0 g/d头孢曲松钠1.0 g/d
     阿奇霉素5~10 mg/(kg·d)
    5①②
    齐艳芳2017[13]34/342~13岁第三代头孢菌素第三代头孢菌素
     阿奇霉素8~10 mg/(kg·d)
    7①②③
    戚海波2018[14]34/34未阐述范围头孢西丁13.3~26.7 mg/kg,
     q6或20~40 mg/kg,q8
    头孢西丁13.3~26.7 mg/kg,q6或
     20~40 mg/kg,q8
     阿奇霉素干混悬液10 mg/(kg·d)
    5①③④
    注:①表示治愈率;②表示发热消退时间;③表示肺部啰音消失时间;④表示不良反应发生率。
  • 纳入文献的偏倚风险评价结果见表2

    研究项目随机方法分配隐藏盲法结果数据完整性选择性报告其他偏倚
    朱宏斌[2]随机分组不清楚完整不清楚不清楚
    李秋双[3]随机分组不清楚完整不清楚不清楚
    罗亚辉[4]随机分组不清楚完整不清楚不清楚
    高永强[5]随机分组不清楚完整不清楚不清楚
    冯光毅[6]随机分组不清楚完整不清楚不清楚
    黄芪[7]随机分组不清楚完整不清楚不清楚
    刘卫东[8]随机分组不清楚完整不清楚不清楚
    陈荣[9]随机分组不清楚完整不清楚不清楚
    范小萍[10]随机分组不清楚完整不清楚不清楚
    Ambroggio[11]随机分组不清楚不清楚完整不存在存在
    夏剑萍[12]随机分组不清楚完整不清楚不清楚
    齐艳芳[13]随机分组不清楚完整不清楚不清楚
    戚海波[14]随机数字法不清楚完整不清楚不清楚
  • 13篇文章[2-14]报道了β-内酰胺类联合大环内酯类的有效事件。采用χ2检验各研究间无显著异质性(P=0.05,I2=43%),采用固定效应模型进行分析,不做分组分析和敏感性分析。Meta分析显示,β-内酰胺类药物与大环内酯类药物联合应用治疗儿童CAP的有效率高于单用β-内酰胺类药物组,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(RR=1.11, CI=1.07~1.15, P<0.000 01),见图2

  • 5篇文章[4, 6, 8, 13-14]报道了退热至正常体温的时间数据,Meta分析显示,试验组儿童退热至正常的时间小于对照组,试验组的退热效果好于对照组,差异有统计学意义(MD=−1.31, CI=−1.58~−1.05, P<0.000 01),见图3

  • 5篇文献[4, 6, 8-9, 14]包括肺部啰音消失的时间数据,Meta分析显示,试验组比对照组患者肺部啰音消失的时间短,差异有统计学意义(MD=−1.75, CI= −2.13~−1.37, P<0.000 01),见图4

  • 7篇文献[3, 5-7, 11-13]报道了药物的不良反应。采用χ2检验各研究间无统计学异质性(P=0.78,I2=0%),故采用固定效应模型进行分析,无需做分组分析和敏感性分析。试验组与对照组的不良反应主要表现在胃肠道症状、皮疹,且均为轻度不良反应。试验组共451例,35例出现不良反应,不良反应发生率为7.8%;对照组共874例,33例出现不良反应,不良反应发生率为3.8%。两组间在不良反应发生率方面无统计学意义[RR = 1.37,95% CI (0.86,2.18),P=0.19 > 0.05]。结果见图5

  • 本研究对β-内酰胺类联合大环内酯类与单用β-内酰胺类药物治疗儿童CAP患者的临床疗效及安全性的RCT进行了Meta分析。结果显示:①在临床有效性上,两组间差异有统计学意义,β-内酰胺类联合大环内酯类优于单用β-内酰胺类药物。②试验组降低体温的时间短于对照组;③试验组消除肺部啰音的时间短于对照组;④在临床安全性方面,不良反应的发生率和程度相当,两者差异无统计学意义。

    本研究与孙寅田等[15]研究结果一致,但孙寅田等研究的是整个CAP人群,本文研究的是针对儿童CAP群体。由于本研究纳入的文献较少,且质量不高,故本研究存在不少局限性:①部分研究的对照组和试验组包含的样本少,而且一篇国外的文献和其余文献样本量差距很大,可能导致检验效能不足,影响分析结果的可靠性;②纳入的13个RCT中仅有一篇提到随机化方法,其余均没有详细描述,均未对随机方案隐藏的方法进行详细描述,可能存在选择性偏倚和实施偏倚;③仅涉及一篇国外文献,且国内的RCT文章质量不高;④未检索到未发表或其他在研试验,不排除存在发表偏倚的可能性;⑤本文仅对β-内酰胺类与大环内酯类联用和单用β-内酰胺类药物进行用药安全性和有效性探究,未进行药物经济性评价。

    综上所述,当前证据显示,在儿童CAP患者中,联用β-内酰胺类与大环内酯类比单用β-内酰胺类临床疗效更优,改善症状和体征优于单用β-内酰胺组,且两者安全性相近。因受纳入研究数量和质量所限,本研究结论尚需进一步开展大样本高质量RCT进行验证。

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