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Volume 39 Issue 5
Sep.  2021
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DENG Min, LI Juanjuan, DING Nan, WANG Zhuo. A case analysis of a patient with salmonella infection and allergy to antibiotics[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2021, 39(5): 468-471. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202103009
Citation: DENG Min, LI Juanjuan, DING Nan, WANG Zhuo. A case analysis of a patient with salmonella infection and allergy to antibiotics[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2021, 39(5): 468-471. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202103009

A case analysis of a patient with salmonella infection and allergy to antibiotics

doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202103009
  • Received Date: 2021-03-06
  • Rev Recd Date: 2021-05-10
  • Available Online: 2021-09-28
  • Publish Date: 2021-09-25
  •   Objective  Through clinical pharmacists participating in the treatment of hip prosthesis infection, to explore the factors of Salmonella infection and skin itching, and to increase the importance of Salmonella infection and the pharmaceutical monitoring of adverse reactions of antibiotics.  Methods  The causes and treatment of Salmonella infection were analyzed by reviewing the literature, monitoring indicators and patient's clinical symptoms, and analyzing the cause of the patient's skin itching, to provide the patient with a reasonable anti-infective treatment plan.  Results  After several antibacterial drug adjustments during hospitalization, the patient's inflammatory indicators decreased, and the clinical symptoms improved.  Conclusion  Although the prosthetic joint infection caused by Salmonella is very rare, attention should be paid to the detection of Salmonella. At the same time, clinical pharmacists should increase the monitoring of antibiotics in their daily work.
  • [1] 凡炼炼, 于倩, 白凤芝. 髋关节置换术后都柏林沙门菌感染1例[J]. 中国实验诊断学, 2016, 20(4):688.
    [2] SHIN Y R, PARK K S, CHO K J, et al. Bilateral septic arthritis of the hip caused by nontyphoidal salmonella: a case report[J]. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc,2020,54(2):217-220. doi:  10.5152/j.aott.2020.02.278
    [3] SÁNCHEZ-VARGAS F M, ABU-EL-HAIJA M A, GÓMEZ-DUARTE O G. Salmonella infections: an update on epidemiology, management, and prevention[J]. Travel Med Infect Dis,2011,9(6):263-277. doi:  10.1016/j.tmaid.2011.11.001
    [4] VUGIA D J, SAMUEL M, FARLEY M M, et al. Invasive Salmonella infections in the United States, Food Net, 1996-1999: incidence, serotype distribution, and outcome[J]. Clin Infect Dis,2004,38(Suppl 3):S149-S156.
    [5] ZIMMERLI W, TRAMPUZ A, OCHSNER P E. Prosthetic-joint infections[J]. N Engl J Med,2004,351(16):1645-1654. doi:  10.1056/NEJMra040181
    [6] SCULCO T P. The economic impact of infected joint arthroplasty[J]. Orthopedics,1995,18(9):871-873.
    [7] CHONG P Y, SPORER S M. Case report: Salmonella infection following total hip arthroplasty[J]. Iowa Orthop J,2005,25:42-43.
    [8] EVERHART J S, ALTNEU E, CALHOUN J H. Medical comorbidities are independent preoperative risk factors for surgical infection after total joint arthroplasty[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,2013,471(10):3112-3119. doi:  10.1007/s11999-013-2923-9
    [9] 郑文丽, 杨玉妹, 狄建忠. 关节置换围手术期感染影响因素分析[J]. 中华骨与关节外科杂志, 2019, 12(3):231-235. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.2095-9958.2019.03.15
    [10] 刘玉宝, 史冬泉, 徐兴全, 等. 初次髋膝关节置换术后假体周围感染危险因素分析[J]. 中华关节外科杂志(电子版), 2017, 11(6):593-599.
    [11] GUPTA A, BERBARI E F, OSMON D R, et al. Prosthetic joint infection due to Salmonella species: a case series[J]. BMC Infect Dis,2014,14:633. doi:  10.1186/s12879-014-0633-x
    [12] KIM S S, PERINO G, BOETTNER F, et al. Salmonella septic arthritis of the knees in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. Lupus,2013,22(7):740-743. doi:  10.1177/0961203313491022
    [13] DAY L J, QAYYUM Q J, KAUFFMAN C A. Salmonella prosthetic joint septic arthritis[J]. Clin Microbiol Infect,2002,8(7):427-430. doi:  10.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00466.x
    [14] 姜丽萍, 于桂英. 髋关节融合术后都柏林沙门菌感染1例[J]. 沈阳部队医药, 2006, 19(5):348.
    [15] MUÑOZ-MAHAMUD E, CASANOVA L, FONT L, et al. Septic arthritis of the hip caused by nontyphi Salmonella after urinary tract infection[J]. Am J Emerg Med,2009,27(3):373.e5-373373.e8.
    [16] SAMRA Y, SHAKED Y, MAIER M K. Nontyphoid salmonellosis in patients with total hip replacement: report of four cases and review of the literature[J]. Rev Infect Dis,1986,8(6):978-983. doi:  10.1093/clinids/8.6.978
    [17] HUANG J L, HUNG J J, WU K C, et al. Septic arthritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Salmonella and nonsalmonella infections compared[J]. Semin Arthritis Rheum,2006,36(1):61-67. doi:  10.1016/j.semarthrit.2006.04.003
    [18] MUSANTE D B, OGDEN W S. Salmonella infection in joint arthroplasty[J]. Orthopedics,2004,27(7):770-772. doi:  10.3928/0147-7447-20040701-20
    [19] HOZACK W J, PARVIZI J. New definition for periprosthetic joint infection[J]. J Arthroplasty,2011,26(8):1135. doi:  10.1016/j.arth.2011.09.025
    [20] 钟莹. 药物不良反应因果关系评价方法的对比: 以疏血通注射液为例[D]. 广州: 广州中医药大学, 2015.
    [21] 张洁, 欧阳爱军, 王鹏. 120例患者使用β-内酰胺类抗生素交叉过敏反应相关性的研究[J]. 中国医药指南, 2012, 10(34):36-39. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1671-8194.2012.34.022
    [22] 田鑫, 乔海灵. β-内酰胺类抗生素交叉过敏反应的结构基础[J]. 中国药学杂志, 2009, 44(8):564-566. doi:  10.3321/j.issn:1001-2494.2009.08.002
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A case analysis of a patient with salmonella infection and allergy to antibiotics

doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202103009

Abstract:   Objective  Through clinical pharmacists participating in the treatment of hip prosthesis infection, to explore the factors of Salmonella infection and skin itching, and to increase the importance of Salmonella infection and the pharmaceutical monitoring of adverse reactions of antibiotics.  Methods  The causes and treatment of Salmonella infection were analyzed by reviewing the literature, monitoring indicators and patient's clinical symptoms, and analyzing the cause of the patient's skin itching, to provide the patient with a reasonable anti-infective treatment plan.  Results  After several antibacterial drug adjustments during hospitalization, the patient's inflammatory indicators decreased, and the clinical symptoms improved.  Conclusion  Although the prosthetic joint infection caused by Salmonella is very rare, attention should be paid to the detection of Salmonella. At the same time, clinical pharmacists should increase the monitoring of antibiotics in their daily work.

DENG Min, LI Juanjuan, DING Nan, WANG Zhuo. A case analysis of a patient with salmonella infection and allergy to antibiotics[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2021, 39(5): 468-471. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202103009
Citation: DENG Min, LI Juanjuan, DING Nan, WANG Zhuo. A case analysis of a patient with salmonella infection and allergy to antibiotics[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2021, 39(5): 468-471. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202103009
  • 沙门菌是常见的导致食源性细菌疾病的肠杆菌科细菌,主要通过污染食物、饮水引起感染,临床表现为腹痛、腹泻,常见于胃肠炎、肠热病等[1-2],但也可能发生发病率和死亡率较高的侵袭性疾病,演变为菌血症或影响肺部、中枢神经系统、肾脏、皮下组织、骨骼和关节的局部感染。这类侵袭性疾病主要发生于儿童、老年人、免疫抑制以及营养不良等人群[3-4]。本文报道了一例没有基础疾病、沙门菌致髋关节假体感染并且反复出现皮肤瘙痒的高龄患者。

  • 患者,女,81岁,10 d前患者因受凉感冒,出现发热、无上呼吸道感染症状,随后出现左侧髋部疼痛。5 d前患者因手术切口肿痛,于外院就诊,怀疑全髋关节置换术后关节腔内感染,予以关节腔穿刺引流、抗感染等治疗,未见明显好转,于2020年10月18日来我院就诊。患者在2003年行右侧髋关节置换术,2006年行左侧髋关节置换术,2012年行右侧髋关节翻修术,2017年行左髋关节翻修术,2020年6月患者因左侧全髋关节翻修术后疼痛,在我院行左髋关节部分翻修术,后因左髋关节翻修术后切口脂肪液化,行3次左髋关节清创+负压装置引流术,引流液细菌培养结果为沙门菌D群。既往一般健康状况良好,青霉素过敏。

    入院查体:体温37.3 ℃,心率80次/min,呼吸18次/min,血压120/80 mmHg。专科检查:跛行入病房,左髋部无明显肿胀,左髋部后外侧可见陈旧性手术疤,局部有一肿块,无发红,有压痛,余部位愈合良好。左髋关节活动范围:屈曲85°,后伸0°,内收15°,外展25°,内外旋转15°。辅助检查:盆骨正位DX:盆骨、腰椎退行性改变,双侧人工髋关节置换术后。入院诊断为左髋关节假体感染,诊疗过程见图1

  • 关节置换术后假体感染是关节置换术的严重并发症,据报道,关节假体植入后的感染发生率为1%~3%[5-6],全髋关节置换术后的感染率在0.5%至2%之间[7],而关节翻修术后假体感染发生的风险是初次置换的2.28倍(OR,2.28;CI,1.26~3.98)[8]。假体感染的发生涉及多个因素,包括患者自身状况、手术时机和手术室环境、以及植入物的选择等[9]。有研究[10]通过多因素Logistic回归分析,表明体重指数(BMI)较大、手术时间长、术后引流多、住院时间长、切口既往手术史、免疫抑制剂使用、术前低蛋白血症、无症状细菌尿以及有表浅感染均是假体感染的独立危险因素 (P<0.05)。本案例患者进行过多次翻修术,前期翻修术后又经多次引流,且住院时间长,这可能是导致该患者假体感染发生的因素。

    金黄色葡萄球菌是假体关节感染(PJI)最常见的病原体,而沙门菌是引起PJI的罕见病原体[11]。沙门菌致髋关节假体感染的病例非常罕见,文献中仅有少数报道。国内外研究表明[12-14],沙门菌引起的PJI通常是一种血行性的局部感染,主要的发病机制是沙门菌通过胃肠道进入血液,然后散播至各组织器官包括骨和关节,由于免疫力低下,原本存在于人体内的沙门菌大量繁殖,当达到一定阈值时,会从细胞内释放入血,从而引发菌血症出现临床症状。因此,沙门菌引起的PJI常见于有基础疾病的人群,如系统性红斑狼疮、镰状细胞病、糖尿病、风湿性关节炎、胶原血管疾病等,使用免疫抑制剂和细胞毒性药物,高龄、酗酒、吸毒等也会增加沙门菌感染的发生率[7, 15-16]。其最常见的症状是急性发热并伴有关节疼痛和肿胀,ESR和CRP水平显著升高[17]。此外,也有文献报道,6例中有2例沙门菌PJI患者在确诊前患有胃肠炎或感染动物接触史引起的腹泻症状[18],因此,当有上述易感因素的患者出现发热、关节疼痛或胃肠道症状时,提示医生应怀疑沙门菌感染,并及时进行关节腔液或血液、粪便培养以及必要的影像学检查。

    本案例患者既往无其他疾病,进行过多次双侧髋关节置换。追问病史与接触史,患者最近几个月无腹泻情况,也无动物接触史,但患者2020年6月左髋关节翻修术后,手术切口愈合不良。怀疑可能是由于手术切口没有彻底愈合,沙门菌经食物带入消化道而进入血液,散播至髋关节,同时因高龄、营养及情绪不佳等致使免疫力低下,从而使得沙门菌在体内大量繁殖,引起手术切口处化脓性感染。

  • PJI患者主要有三种治疗方式[19]:①保留假体并清除感染,进行抗菌药物治疗(清创,抗菌药物治疗并保留假体—DAIR)。②移除假体并清除感染,进行抗菌药物治疗:更换假体(一期或二期置换)或不再植入假体(关节融合或切除成形)。③保留假体,长期抗菌药物压制(SAT),不试图完全清除感染。本例患者在2020年6月翻修术后,关节腔液培养出沙门菌,患者无明显感染症状未予以治疗。而出院几天后患者手术切口化脓感染,关节腔液再次培养出沙门菌,予以3次清创及抗菌药物治疗,CRP、PCT等感染相关指标恢复至正常水平患者出院。本次入院,患者关节腔液仍培养出沙门菌,考虑患者高龄,移除假体风险高,医生采取保守治疗,保留患者假体,长期服用抗菌药物压制。沙门菌假体关节感染的抗菌药物选择包括氨苄西林、氯霉素、复方磺胺甲噁唑、第三代头孢菌素和喹诺酮类,这些药物不仅能够杀死繁殖期的细菌,而且能够杀死那些处于静止期并粘附在假体材料上的病原菌。氟喹诺酮类可作为治疗假体关节沙门菌感染的首选药物[13, 15]。鉴于沙门菌菌株的耐药率不断增加,治疗应以药敏试验为依据。临床药师查阅相关文献及指南,并结合药敏结果,向医生推荐复方磺胺甲噁唑(0.96 g,q12 h,po)和左氧氟沙星(500 mg,qd,po)口服序贯治疗,医生接受临床药师的建议。患者出院后临床药师进行了电话随访,提高了患者的用药依从性并对患者的用药安全性进行监护。本案例表明及时清创、早期部件更换和适当的抗菌药物治疗是至关重要的,同时临床药师的参与也是临床治疗中重要的一环。

  • 沙门菌可引起伤寒和副伤寒,感染了伤寒杆菌的病人75%以上可发生典型的玫瑰疹,但本例患者并无明显可见压之退色的淡红色斑丘疹,排除沙门菌引起瘙痒的可能性,患者既往无过敏性疾病,也无食物过敏史;患者住院期间先后使用了左氧氟沙星、头孢曲松、复方磺胺甲噁唑及亚胺培南-西司他丁抗感染治疗,均出现了皮肤瘙痒。根据我国卫生部对药物不良反应因果关系的评估[20],患者在上述4种药物滴注期间或滴注后出现皮肤瘙痒,有明确的时间相关性;有文献报道此4种药物均会导致皮肤瘙痒;但由于药物是联合使用的,所以不能排除药物的累加作用。综上分析,患者出现的皮肤瘙痒与此4种药物的因果关系均为“可能”。

    有研究报道[21-22],药物化学结构中的母核、侧链、特有结构均可成为识别位点,若药物之间有相同或相似的结构,则可能发生交叉过敏反应。而根据识别位点的不同,药物之间的交叉过敏反应也会有差异。对于高敏患者来说,其IgE可识别母核或整个分子结构,可能对多种抗菌药物过敏。对于本案例患者,有青霉素过敏史,头孢菌素类、碳青霉烯类与青霉素类均有β-内酰胺环,两类之间可能发生交叉过敏反应,该患者使用头孢曲松和亚胺培南后均出现皮肤瘙痒,这提示该患者可能发生了交叉过敏。同时该患者使用左氧氟沙星和磺胺甲噁唑后也出现皮肤瘙痒,推测该患者为高敏患者,其IgE可识别药物共有结构及特殊结构,因而对多种抗菌药均有过敏反应。

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