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苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)为豆科(Leguminosae)槐属的草本植物,广泛生长于我国西北地区。在宁夏境内,苦豆子分布面积约为25余万公顷,其中,在盐池县分布14万公顷,占宁夏境内苦豆子总分布面积的56%,是宁夏特有的区域性药用植物[1]。苦豆子具有清热解毒、抗菌消炎的药理作用,临床上用于治疗痢疾、外伤化脓、顽癣等疾病[2]。近年来,随着对苦豆子主要活性成分生物碱的广泛研究,发现其具有缓解肝损伤、抗肝纤维化和抑制肝癌等作用[3]。本文主要对苦豆子活性成分及其防治肝脏疾病的研究进展进行综述,为苦豆子活性成分治疗肝脏疾病的进一步研究提供参考。
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苦豆子的化学成分丰富且复杂,目前从苦豆子中分离得出的活性成分主要有生物碱、黄酮、挥发油、甾体、多糖、游离脂肪酸等[4]。
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苦豆子主要活性成分中生物碱含量最高。目前,分离鉴定出的生物碱多达数十种(表1),主要为喹诺里西啶类生物碱,可分为苦参碱型和苦豆碱型。前者主要包含苦参碱(matrine,MT)、氧化苦参碱(oxymatrine,OMT)、槐果碱(sophocarpine,SCA)、槐定碱(sophoridine,SRI),后者有苦豆碱(aloperine,ALO)[5],化学结构见图1。药理学研究表明苦参碱型生物碱具有抗肿瘤[6]、抗炎[7]、抗病毒[8]、抗心律失常[9]等作用。
编号 苦豆子生物碱 文献 1 苦参碱(matrine) [10] 2 氧化苦参碱 (oxymatrine) [11] 3 槐果碱 (sophocarpine) [10] 4 槐定碱 (sophoridine) [10] 5 苦豆碱 (aloperine) [11] 6 莱曼碱 (lehmannine) [12] 7 槐胺碱 (sophoramine) [11] 8 新槐安碱 (neosophoramin) [11] 9 7α-羟基槐胺碱 (7α-hydroxysophoramine) [10] 10 3α-羟基槐定碱 (3α-hydroxy-sophoridine) [11] 11 9α-羟基槐胺碱 (9α-hydroxysophoramine) [10] 12 13,14-去氢槐定碱 ((−)-13,14-dehydrosophoridine) [13] 13 N-羟基槐定碱 (N-hydroxy-sophoridine) [13] 14 12-β羟基槐果碱 (12β-hydroxysophocarpine) [10] 15 9α-羟基苦参碱 (9α-hydroxy-matrine) [13] 16 14-β羟基苦参碱 (14β-hydroxy-matrine) [10] 17 氧化槐定碱 (oxysophoridine) [11] 18 氧化槐果碱 (oxysophocarpine) [11] 19 N-甲基苦豆碱 (N-methyl-aloperine) [11] 20 赝靛叶碱 (baptifoline) [10] 21 臭豆碱 (anagyrine) [11] 22 金雀花碱 (cytisine) [11] 23 甲基金雀花碱 (N-methyl-cytisine) [11] 24 羟乙花碱 (N-2-hydroxyethyl-cytisine) [2] 25 尼古丁 (nicotine) [11] 26 腺荚豆碱 (adenocarpine) [10] 27 三巴豆四胺 (tricrotonytetramine) [13] -
黄酮是苦豆子另一主要活性成分。李敏等[14]从新疆苦豆子中分离鉴定出3′,4′-二羟基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷、7,3′-二羟基二氢黄酮-4′-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷及芦丁3种成分。卞海涛等[15]从苦豆子中首次分离得到5,6-二羟基-3,7,3′,4′-四甲氧基黄酮、β-胡萝卜苷、3′-甲氧基木犀草素3种成分。苦豆子黄酮类成分具有抗炎[14]、降血糖[16]、抗病毒和抗菌[17]等药理作用。
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马别厚等[18]采用GC-MS研究苦豆子豆籽油化学成分,分离得到了豆甾醇、麦角甾醇等5种甾体化合物;张建华等[19]从苦豆子中检测出谷氨酸、精氨酸、苏氨酸、胱氨酸等16种氨基酸。并且苦豆子中谷氨酸可以促进人体内消化液的分泌,具有预防贫血和解毒的作用。除此之外,还有脂肪酸、挥发油、多糖等化学成分,其中,多糖具有免疫调节、抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤等生物活性[20-21]。
Research progresses on the main active components in Ningxia Sophora alopecuroides and the therapeutic activities for liver diseases
doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202105035
- Received Date: 2021-05-11
- Rev Recd Date: 2021-06-22
- Available Online: 2022-01-20
- Publish Date: 2022-01-25
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Key words:
- Ningxia Sophora alopecuroides /
- active constituents /
- hepatic disease /
- research progress
Abstract: Sophora alopecuroides, a plant of the family Leguminosae, is one of the Daodi herbs in Ningxia. The active constituents of Sophora alopecuroides are abundant and complex, including alkaloids, flavonoids, volatile oils, steroids, polysaccharides, fatty acids and so on. In recent decades, a great number of domestic and overseas studies have been carried out on Sophora alopecuroides alkaloids, which have anti-hepatitis, anti-liver fibrosis, anti-cirrhosis, anti-liver failure and anti-liver cancer and other pharmacological effects. Clinically, Matrine-related drugs are used to treat hepatitis B virus infection and other diseases. This review aims to summarize the main active ingredients of Sophora alopecuroides, mainly focusing on the research progress in their treatment activities for liver diseases.
Citation: | QUAN Danni, XU Yue, QU Zhuo, XU Weiheng, ZHANG Wannian, ZHUANG Chunlin. Research progresses on the main active components in Ningxia Sophora alopecuroides and the therapeutic activities for liver diseases[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2022, 40(1): 1-5, 37. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.1006-0111.202105035 |