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翻译后修饰(PTM)是在蛋白质的氨基酸侧链上共价结合化学小分子基团的过程,能够显著改变蛋白质的理化性质、构象,从而调节、丰富蛋白质的功能。从细胞水平而言,信号蛋白快速而特异性的翻译后修饰,能实现信号的准确传递,引发转录与翻译水平的适应性改变,使细胞及时响应外部环境变化信号,实现自身调节。泛素化修饰是一种重要的翻译后修饰,其中的关键分子——泛素,是一种由76个氨基酸构成的在进化上高度保守的蛋白质,相对分子质量8.5kDa[1]。泛素分子与底物共价结合的过程即泛素化修饰,其能调控基因转录、DNA损伤修复及信号转导等过程[2]。泛素系统的主要功能有两个:一是通过靶向蛋白酶体降解底物或溶酶体降解底物,实现对错误蛋白的调控;二是通过调节蛋白-蛋白相互作用、定位及功能,以实现精细调控细胞信号网络[3]。这种功能上的多样性与泛素化修饰过程中所能募集的不同类型泛素信号有关,根据泛素连接数目的不同,可分为单泛素化修饰和多聚泛素化修饰。在多聚泛素化修饰中,泛素链主要有8种连接模式,其中7种为泛素链内赖氨酸(Lys)与泛素分子C末端甘氨酸(Gly)相连的模式,赖氨酸连接位点包括Lys6、Lys11、Lys27、Lys29、Lys33、Lys48和Lys63,目前研究较多的是Lys48和Lys63位的多聚泛素化修饰。Lys48位的多聚泛素化修饰,其功能是作为蛋白酶体降解的信号,而Lys63位的多聚泛素化修饰主要调控非降解功能,例如参与DNA损伤修复、机体炎症、信号转导等功能[4-6]。其他赖氨酸位点的多聚泛素化修饰功能目前研究较少,但他们在诸如细胞周期调节等过程中,同样是非常重要的胞内信号[7]。剩下的一种连接模式是由一个泛素分子C末端甘氨酸的羧基基团,与另一泛素分子N末端甲硫氨酸(Met1)的氨基基团以肽键相连的模式,形成的是线性泛素链(Linear ubiquitin/Met1-linked ubiquitin chains/Met1-Ub)[8]。近年来的研究表明,线性泛素链在免疫信号调节、NF-κB转录因子激活及细胞凋亡等过程中能发挥强有力的调控作用。更有意义的是,多项研究表明线性泛素链信号的异常调节与免疫失调、肿瘤等人类疾病密切相关[8](图1)。本文将介绍线性泛素连接酶复合体(LUBAC)、去线性泛素化酶(OTULIN)及其与肿瘤的关系。
Research Progress on Linear Ubiquitin Chain Assembly Complex and OTU Deubiquitinase With Linear Linkage Specificity in Tumor
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摘要: 线性泛素化修饰是近年来发现的一种重要的翻译后修饰。线性泛素链由一分子泛素的甘氨酸与另一分子泛素的甲硫氨酸连接而形成。线性泛素化修饰过程由线性泛素连接酶复合体(LUBAC)与去线性泛素化酶(OTULIN)共同调控,广泛参与机体免疫、炎症反应、细胞凋亡等过程。近年来的研究表明,线性泛素化修饰能够影响NF-κB、Wnt/β-catenin等信号通路,并与肿瘤的发生、发展和耐药密切相关。本文将对LUBAC与OTULIN在肿瘤中的研究进展进行综述。
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关键词:
- 线性泛素化修饰 /
- 线性泛素连接酶复合体 /
- 去线性泛素化酶 /
- 肿瘤
Abstract: Linear ubiquitination is an important post-translational modification that has been discovered in recent years. The linear ubiquitin chain is formed by the linkage of glycine residue of one ubiquitin protein to the methionine residue of another ubiquitin. This process is regulated by the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) and the OTU deubiquitinase with linear linkage specificity (OTULIN). Linear ubiquitination is involved in various biological processes, including immune response, inflammation, and cell apoptosis. Recent studies have shown that linear ubiquitination is closely related to the occurrence, development, and drug resistance of tumors by affecting signaling pathways such as NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin. The research progress on the function of LUBAC and OTULIN in tumors was reviewed in this paper. -
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