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放线菌是天然药用活性分子的重要源头[1]。然而,近年陆生放线菌来源化合物的重复发现率日趋增高,海洋来源放线菌因其特殊的生长环境和丰富的次生代谢产物越发引起关注[1-2]。
海绵作为代表性的海洋底栖共生生物体,是产生功能分子的重要源头[3]。而越来越多的证据表明共附生微生物是海绵化学多样性的重要来源[4-6]。因此,开展海绵共附生微生物化学成分的研究,寻找新颖的、具有活性功能的小分子化合物显得十分必要。
课题组从海绵共附生放线菌Streptomyces sp. LHW2432发酵物中发现了2个生物碱类化合物1和2,以及3个吡喃酮类化合物3~5(图1)。其中,1为新型天然产物,具有抑制耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耻垢分支杆菌的微弱活性,并可作为合成神经细胞保护剂三环咔唑类生物碱的关键前体[7]。
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Agilent 600 MHz 核磁共振仪(Agilent);Xevo G2-XS QTOF质谱仪(Waters);Acquity UPLC 高效液相色谱仪(Waters);Interchim PuriFlash 450中压色谱仪(Interchim);ODS(YMC,C18,21.2 mm × 250 mm,5 μm);XBridge C18半制备型液相色谱柱(Waters, XBridge Prep C18,10 mm × 250 mm,5 μm);C18制备型液相色谱柱(Phenomenex,Luna C18,21.2 mm × 250 mm,5 μm);N-1000型旋转蒸发仪(上海爱郎);SK5200H型超声仪(上海科导);振荡培养箱(上海知楚);培养箱(上海博远)。色谱级溶剂(Merk);分析纯试剂(上海化学试剂公司);氘代试剂(Cambridge Isotope Laboratories)。
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TSBY培养基:胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤(30 g/L)、酵母提取物(5 g/L)、蔗糖(100 g/L)、消泡剂(1 ml/L);SFM培养基:低温黄豆饼粉(20 g/L)、琼脂(20 g/L)、甘露醇(20 g/L),pH 7.2~7.4;MH培养基(Solarbio®):MH肉汤(22 g/L);PDA培养基:马铃薯(200 g/L)、琼脂(20 g/L)、葡萄糖(20 g/L)。
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链霉菌LHW2432分离自南海海绵(红色指状,种属未鉴定,本实验室编号1524),经16S rRNA基因序列(1376 bp)比对,与Streptomyces purpurascens相似度达99.42%,鉴定为链霉菌。
指示菌蕈状芽胞杆菌(Bacillus mycoides)、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CICC10201)、耻垢分支杆菌(Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)均取自上海交通大学医学院仁济医院药学部海洋药物研究中心菌种库。
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将LHW2432接种于SFM平板,30 ℃培养5 d,挑取单菌落接种于装有10 ml TSBY培养基的100 ml三角瓶中(加有不锈钢弹簧),30 ℃,220 r/min培养3 d,作为一级种子液;一级种子液以1∶20(V/V)接种于装有150 ml TSBY培养基的500 ml三角瓶中(加有不锈钢弹簧),30 ℃,220 r/min培养3 d,该发酵液作为二级种子液,继续同样条件的发酵,最终得到12 L发酵液。用等体积乙酸乙酯萃取发酵液3次,萃取液浓缩悬干后得到11.3 g浸膏。
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通过正相硅胶柱色谱分离粗浸膏,二氯甲烷-甲醇洗脱梯度:150∶1、100∶1、80∶1、50∶1、25∶1、15∶1、5∶1、1∶1,共得到13个馏分A~M。合并F与G馏分(1.91 g干重)后经中压ODS色谱柱继续分离[乙腈-水(0.1%甲酸):5%~95%梯度洗脱,6 h,15 ml/min],得到16个馏分FG1~FG16。
化合物1(3.1 mg)和4(7.7 mg)由FG12(42.3 mg干重)馏分经制备型HPLC分离获得,洗脱条件为:9 ml/min,53%甲醇-水(0.1%甲酸)。
化合物3(9.0 mg)和5(2.1 mg)由FG10(37.4 mg干重)馏分经制备型HPLC分离获得。FG10经洗脱[9 ml/min,42%甲醇-水(0.1%甲酸)]得到化合物3和组分FG10-5(7.5 mg干重);组分FG10-5进一步洗脱得到化合物5,洗脱条件为:3 ml/min,30%乙腈-水(0.1%甲酸)。
化合物2(121 mg)分离自馏分J。J馏分(4.357 g干重)经凝胶柱色谱[流动相:二氯甲烷-甲醇(1∶1)]砍断得到5个亚馏分J1~J5。选取J4(1.112 g干重)再经中压ODS柱色谱[甲醇-水(0.1%甲酸):10%~95%梯度洗脱,2 h,15 ml/min]分离获得化合物2。
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如表1所示,将200 μl~2 ml过夜生长的5种指示菌的菌液加入水解酪蛋白琼脂培养基(MHA)或马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)中(约50 ℃)稀释,摇匀后倒入培养皿中。待凝固后,滴加溶解于3 μl DMSO溶液的样品(约10 μg),设置一个阳性对照和一个DMSO阴性对照,平板于相应条件培养12 h后观察抑菌圈(表1)。
表 1 5种指示菌平板培养条件及遴选的阳性对照药
指示菌 培养条件 阳性药 B. mycoides(蕈状芽胞杆菌) MHA, 37 ℃ 万古霉素 S. aureus(金黄色葡萄球菌) MHA, 37 ℃ 万古霉素 M. smegmatis(耻垢分支杆菌) MHA, 37 ℃ 卡那霉素 E. coli(大肠杆菌) MHA, 37 ℃ 萘啶酮酸 C. albicans(白色念珠菌) PDA, 30 ℃ 两性霉素 -
使用肉汤稀释法进行96孔板实验[8]。样品和阳性对照药分别设置3个平行组,先将过夜培养的指示菌用MH肉汤培养基进行1 000倍稀释后加入96孔板,每孔50 μl。第1列至第10列样品浓度依次为128、64、32、16、8、4、2、1、0.5、0.25 μg/ml。加样后37 ℃培养18 h,通过分光光度计(A600)检测菌液澄清度。最后,根据实验结果调整测试药物浓度梯度,重复实验。
Study on secondary metabolites from sponge-symbiotic Streptomyces sp. LHW2432
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摘要:
目的 从海绵共附生菌Streptomyces sp. LHW2432的发酵产物中发现药用活性分子。 方法 采用正向硅胶柱、ODS反向柱以及高效液相色谱分离技术,对LHW2432的发酵萃取物进行分离纯化;通过现代波谱技术和文献调研确定化合物结构;利用平板涂布法和微量稀释法,评价化合物对芽胞杆菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、耻垢分支杆菌、白色念珠菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌活性。 结果 从LHW2432发酵物中共分离鉴定了5个化合物:descycloavandulyl-lavanduquinocin ( 1 )、N-acetyltyramine ( 2 )、phomapyrone C ( 3 )、germicidin A ( 4 ) 和germicidin I ( 5 )。化合物 1 对MRSA和耻垢分支杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)值分别为100和64 μg/ml。 结论 从LHW2432菌中分离得到5个化合物,其中,化合物 1 是新天然产物,可作为神经保护活性三环咔唑类生物碱的合成前体,其对G+菌有微弱的抑制活性。 Abstract:Objective To discover the medicinal active molecules from the fermentation extract of sponge-symbiotic Streptomyces sp. LHW2432. Methods Compounds were isolated and purified from the fermentation extract of LHW2432 by silica gel, ODS chromatographic columns, and HPLC. The structures of the compounds were elucidated based on the analyses of modern spectrum technologies and the related literatures research. Through plate coating method and broth microdilution method, the antimicrobial activities were tested by the indicator strains of Bacillus mycoides, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida Albicans, and Escherichia coli. Results Five compounds were discovered and their structures were identified as descycloavandulyl-lavanduquinocin ( 1 ), N-acetyltyramine ( 2 ), phomapyrone C ( 3 ), germicidin A ( 4 ), and germicidin I ( 5 ). Compound 1 showed inhibitory activities against MRSA (MIC, 100 μg/ml) and M. smegmatis (MIC, 64 μg/ml), respectively. Conclusion Five compounds were discovered from LHW2432, among which compound 1 was a new natural product and could be used as a precursor of the tricyclic carbazole alkaloids with neuroprotective activity. Moreover, compound 1 showed weak inhibitory activities against gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. -
表 1 5种指示菌平板培养条件及遴选的阳性对照药
指示菌 培养条件 阳性药 B. mycoides(蕈状芽胞杆菌) MHA, 37 ℃ 万古霉素 S. aureus(金黄色葡萄球菌) MHA, 37 ℃ 万古霉素 M. smegmatis(耻垢分支杆菌) MHA, 37 ℃ 卡那霉素 E. coli(大肠杆菌) MHA, 37 ℃ 萘啶酮酸 C. albicans(白色念珠菌) PDA, 30 ℃ 两性霉素 -
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