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山楂酸(MA)属于五环三萜类化合物(图1),又名马斯里酸、2α-羟基齐墩果酸,主要存在于油橄榄、山楂等天然植物中,在桔梗、藿香等传统草药中的含量也很丰富。MA多从油橄榄中提取,也可以齐墩果酸为原料半合成制备,目前已经形成成熟的合成路线,实现MA商业化供应[1]。MA具有抗癌、抗炎、心脏保护和肝保护等多种药理作用,临床应用前景广阔。本文综述了MA药理作用和机制的最新研究进展,以期为MA未来的开发利用提供参考依据。
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癌症是全球第二大死亡疾病,抗癌药物的研发因临床需求增加而不断发展。2010—2020年,我国首次获得新药临床研究审批(IND)批准的创新药在抗肿瘤领域占62%,但大多数尚处于Ⅰ期临床阶段[2]。大量研究表明,MA可抑制多种肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭,并诱导细胞凋亡,其机制涉及多条细胞内信号通路,总结见表1。
表 1 山楂酸抑制不同癌细胞的作用机制
癌细胞类型 作用机制 参考文献 结肠癌 激活腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK),负反馈调节雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路 [3] 触发Caco-2细胞外源性凋亡途径,诱导HT-29细胞线粒体凋亡 [4] 调节细胞骨架,抑制肿瘤细胞增殖 [5] 肺癌 诱导线粒体凋亡,抑制缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)表达 [6] 调控微小RNA(miRNA),诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡 [7] 胰腺癌 下调热休克蛋白HSPA8,诱导癌细胞自噬 [8] 下调热休克蛋白HSP7C,诱导癌细胞凋亡 [9] 宫颈癌 诱导DNA损伤,调节参与DNA损伤和修复的蛋白表达 [10] 抑制白细胞介素-6(IL-6) [11] 胃癌 上调AMPK/mTOR信号通路,促进癌细胞自噬 [12] 抑制Janus激酶(JAK)/信号转导与转录激活因子3(STAT3)通路,诱导癌细胞凋亡 [13] 乳腺癌 通过丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路影响细胞周期,改变线粒体膜电位和活性氧(ROS)水平,导致癌细胞凋亡 [14] 胶质瘤 抑制癌细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移,通过MAPK信号通路诱导癌细胞凋亡 [15] 神经母细胞瘤 靶向MAPK/细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK)信号通路,并激活胱天蛋白酶(caspase),促进癌细胞凋亡 [16] 鼻咽癌 抑制磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(AKT)、mTOR磷酸化水平,诱导癌细胞自噬 [17] 除此之外,MA与一些抗癌药物联用还能有效缓解肿瘤耐药性,增强药效。MA可抑制HT-29人结肠癌细胞DNA损伤修复能力,逆转肿瘤细胞对5-氟尿嘧啶的耐药性[18]。MA与多西他赛联用,可以降低三阴性乳腺癌细胞对多西他赛的耐药性[19]。MA通过抑制核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路,可增强吉西他滨对胆囊癌细胞的抗癌作用[20]。虽然MA对多种肿瘤细胞的增殖具有抑制作用,能够调控癌细胞多条信号级联传导,但目前体内研究不充分,其确切的作用靶点尚不清楚。
Research progress on the pharmacological effects of maslinic acid
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摘要: 山楂酸是一种五环三萜类化合物,广泛存在于油橄榄和山楂等多种天然植物中。山楂酸具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗氧化、抗菌、心血管保护、神经保护等药理作用。针对山楂酸的药理活性研究进展及其作用机制进行综述,为其进一步开发和应用提供参考依据。Abstract: Maslinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is widely found in natural plants such as olives and hawthorns. Maslinic acid has anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, antibacterial, cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection, and other pharmacological effects. In this paper, the research progress of pharmacological activities and the mechanism of action of maslinic acid were reviewed, which provides the basis for the development and utilization of maslinic acid in the future.
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Key words:
- maslinic acid /
- pharmacological activity /
- mechanism of action
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表 1 山楂酸抑制不同癌细胞的作用机制
癌细胞类型 作用机制 参考文献 结肠癌 激活腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK),负反馈调节雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路 [3] 触发Caco-2细胞外源性凋亡途径,诱导HT-29细胞线粒体凋亡 [4] 调节细胞骨架,抑制肿瘤细胞增殖 [5] 肺癌 诱导线粒体凋亡,抑制缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)表达 [6] 调控微小RNA(miRNA),诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡 [7] 胰腺癌 下调热休克蛋白HSPA8,诱导癌细胞自噬 [8] 下调热休克蛋白HSP7C,诱导癌细胞凋亡 [9] 宫颈癌 诱导DNA损伤,调节参与DNA损伤和修复的蛋白表达 [10] 抑制白细胞介素-6(IL-6) [11] 胃癌 上调AMPK/mTOR信号通路,促进癌细胞自噬 [12] 抑制Janus激酶(JAK)/信号转导与转录激活因子3(STAT3)通路,诱导癌细胞凋亡 [13] 乳腺癌 通过丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路影响细胞周期,改变线粒体膜电位和活性氧(ROS)水平,导致癌细胞凋亡 [14] 胶质瘤 抑制癌细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移,通过MAPK信号通路诱导癌细胞凋亡 [15] 神经母细胞瘤 靶向MAPK/细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK)信号通路,并激活胱天蛋白酶(caspase),促进癌细胞凋亡 [16] 鼻咽癌 抑制磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(AKT)、mTOR磷酸化水平,诱导癌细胞自噬 [17] -
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