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玉米(Zea mays L.)属于禾本科玉蜀黍属一年生草本植物。玉米须 (corn silk, maydis stigma) 是玉米的干燥花柱及柱头,是我国传统中药材,《滇南本草》最早记载其入药,1985年版《中华人民共和国卫生部药材标准》将玉米须列为常用药材品种,并在1977年版《中国药典》中收录。
玉米须,别名蜀黍须、玉蜀黍须、包谷须,秋季玉米收获时采收,烘干或晒干。玉米须性平,味甘、淡,具有利尿消肿、平肝利胆的功效,《黄帝内经》中记载,玉米须在治疗前列腺疾病方面具有良好的效果。玉米须还被广泛用作茶[1]、功能食品及食品添加剂[2, 3]。现代研究表明,玉米须黄酮类化合物是玉米须治疗肥胖、高血糖、肾炎、膀胱炎、痛风、前列腺炎等疾病的重要药效成分[4,5]。本文通过对近十年文献的查阅,综述了玉米须黄酮在提取工艺、成分表征、含量测定、药理作用及安全性方面的研究进展,为玉米须黄酮的进一步开发应用提供参考。
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热回流提取法是提取中药有效成分和有效部位最常用的方法。虽然热回流提取法的提取效率非常高,但样品在持续的受热过程中不稳定,导致有效成分分解,得到的产品品质也会降低。近年来,具有低温、高效、时间短等优点的超声波提取法、微波提取法被广泛用于中药有效部位的提取,提取效率要远高于普通浸提法和热回流提取法。近几年有多篇文献对玉米须总黄酮的提取工艺进行了研究,详细总结见表1。
表 1 玉米须总黄酮提取工艺
编号 提取方法 优化工艺条件 总黄酮提取率(mg/g) 文献 1 回流提取法 (单因素试验结合响应面法) 温度80 ℃、时间2.5 h、pH值 2.0、乙醇体积分数72%、
液料比70 ml/g3.89 [6] 2 真空减压提取法
(单因素试验和正交试验)真空度 0.07 Mpa、时间35 min、乙醇体积分数为 50%、
液料比 40 ml/g1.35 [7] 3 超声波提取法(正交试验) 超声功率 500 W、超声温度70 °C、超声提取时间10 min、
乙醇体积分数为60%、料液比70 ml/g34.58 [8] 4 超声波提取法(响应面优化法) 超声功率 500 W、超声温度57 °C、超声时间45 min、
乙醇体积分数70%、液料比26 ml/g23.37 [9] 5 超声波-双酶协同提取法
(Box-Behnken 响应面设计法)超声功率 173 W、超声时间35min、乙醇体积分数60%、
液料比 31 ml/g、酶解时间 42 min、加酶比(果胶酶∶纤维素酶)1.9∶17.2 [10] 6 超声波辅助提取法 超声功率 260 W、超声温度63 ℃、超声时间 l7 min、
乙醇体积分数60%5.63 [11] 7 微波辅助提取法(正交试验优化) 提取时间 8 min、乙醇体积分数为 60%、液料比50 ml/g 7.87 [11] -
采用溶剂法提取获得的玉米须黄酮提取物总黄酮含量比较低,一般要经过色谱方法进行纯化才能获得高含量的总黄酮。包京姗等[12]考察了D101大孔吸附树脂对超声提取的玉米须总黄酮的纯化效果,5 g大孔吸附树脂、总黄酮上样液质量浓度7 mg/ml、上样液体积1 ml、盐酸调pH值=3、60%乙醇洗脱、洗脱体积为5 倍柱体积、流速1.0 ml/min,纯化后总黄酮的纯度质量分数由41.35%提高到69.20%。刘杰等[13]比较了5种大孔吸附树脂的静态吸附-解吸总黄酮的效果,发现AB-8型大孔吸附树脂纯化玉米须总黄酮效果最佳。单因素试验结合响应面法确定了AB-8大孔吸附树脂柱色谱的最佳参数为:总黄酮上样液质量浓度1.41 mg/ml、洗脱液流速2.00 ml/min、乙醇体积分数为70%,总黄酮的平均解吸率为96.52%。上述研究为玉米须总黄酮的纯化提供了理论参考。
Flavonoids from Corn Silk (Zea mays L.) and its pharmacological effects
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摘要: 玉米须是玉米的干燥花柱和柱头,我国常用传统中药,具有平肝利胆、利尿消肿之功效。玉米须还被广泛用作茶和功能食品。玉米须富含黄酮类化合物,为玉米须中主要的生物活性成份。近年来,玉米须黄酮的化学、分析、药理、药代动力学及安全性评价方面的研究取得了较多的进展。黄酮化学成分的研究丰富了玉米须中黄酮类化合物的数量,多项药理学研究证实和拓展了玉米须黄酮的功效,安全性评价为玉米须黄酮的安全应用提供了理论依据。本文通过文献查阅,对近十年来玉米须黄酮的提取工艺、成分表征、含量测定、药理作用及安全性等方面的研究进展进行综述,为玉米须黄酮的进一步开发及应用提供依据。Abstract: Corn silk, a Traditional Chinese Medicine, has the effect of calming liver, cholagogue, detumescence and diuresis. Corn silk is also widely used as tea and functional food. Natural flavonoids have multiple biological activities, which are also the main bioactive components of corn silk. In the past decade, many new advances have been made in the chemistry, analysis, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and safety evaluation of corn silk flavonoids. The chemical composition research of flavonoids has enriched the quantity of flavonoids in corn silk. Pharmacological studies have confirmed and expanded the efficacy of corn silk flavonoids. And safety evaluation has provided a theoretical basis for the safe application of corn silk flavonoids. Through literature search, the extraction, separation, compositional analysis, content determination, pharmacological effect, pharmacokinetics, and safety research progress of corn silk flavonoids in the past ten years were reviewed in this paper.
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Key words:
- corn silk /
- flavonoid /
- chemical constituents /
- pharmacological effects /
- safety
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表 1 玉米须总黄酮提取工艺
编号 提取方法 优化工艺条件 总黄酮提取率(mg/g) 文献 1 回流提取法 (单因素试验结合响应面法) 温度80 ℃、时间2.5 h、pH值 2.0、乙醇体积分数72%、
液料比70 ml/g3.89 [6] 2 真空减压提取法
(单因素试验和正交试验)真空度 0.07 Mpa、时间35 min、乙醇体积分数为 50%、
液料比 40 ml/g1.35 [7] 3 超声波提取法(正交试验) 超声功率 500 W、超声温度70 °C、超声提取时间10 min、
乙醇体积分数为60%、料液比70 ml/g34.58 [8] 4 超声波提取法(响应面优化法) 超声功率 500 W、超声温度57 °C、超声时间45 min、
乙醇体积分数70%、液料比26 ml/g23.37 [9] 5 超声波-双酶协同提取法
(Box-Behnken 响应面设计法)超声功率 173 W、超声时间35min、乙醇体积分数60%、
液料比 31 ml/g、酶解时间 42 min、加酶比(果胶酶∶纤维素酶)1.9∶17.2 [10] 6 超声波辅助提取法 超声功率 260 W、超声温度63 ℃、超声时间 l7 min、
乙醇体积分数60%5.63 [11] 7 微波辅助提取法(正交试验优化) 提取时间 8 min、乙醇体积分数为 60%、液料比50 ml/g 7.87 [11] -
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