2018 Vol. 36, No. 3
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2018, 36(3): 193-197.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2018.03.001
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Depression is a serious health hazard and the World Health Organization predicts that depression will be the second leading cause of abnormal death and disability by 2020. Currently, most antidepressants are tricyclic antidepressants (TCA), tetracyclic antidepressants and selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors. Long term use of those medications will develop resistance and adverse reactions. In addition, drugs that block a single target are often hard to achieve therapeutic outcomes due to the biological abnormalities involving multiple systems in the body. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) can simultaneously act on multiple targets to influence the disease network in many aspects at the same time. This approach has higher efficacy and lower side effects than a single chemical medication. Recently, there are increasing numbers of research papers on antidepressant mechanism of TMC, mainly focused on the release level of neurotransmitters, hippocampus brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and cytokines, etc. The latest researches also indicated that the gut microbiota has involved the development of emotional diseases and the diseases related to central nerves system. This paper reviews the mechanism studies of TMC as antidepressants and neuroprotection agents in order to shed new light on the study of depression pathogenesis and development of new antidepressant medications.
Depression is a serious health hazard and the World Health Organization predicts that depression will be the second leading cause of abnormal death and disability by 2020. Currently, most antidepressants are tricyclic antidepressants (TCA), tetracyclic antidepressants and selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors. Long term use of those medications will develop resistance and adverse reactions. In addition, drugs that block a single target are often hard to achieve therapeutic outcomes due to the biological abnormalities involving multiple systems in the body. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) can simultaneously act on multiple targets to influence the disease network in many aspects at the same time. This approach has higher efficacy and lower side effects than a single chemical medication. Recently, there are increasing numbers of research papers on antidepressant mechanism of TMC, mainly focused on the release level of neurotransmitters, hippocampus brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and cytokines, etc. The latest researches also indicated that the gut microbiota has involved the development of emotional diseases and the diseases related to central nerves system. This paper reviews the mechanism studies of TMC as antidepressants and neuroprotection agents in order to shed new light on the study of depression pathogenesis and development of new antidepressant medications.
2018, 36(3): 198-203.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2018.03.002
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In recent years,the incidences of depression increased year by year due to increased social pressure,which do serious harm to human being both physically and mentally.Studies have shown that the pathogenesis of depression is complicated,mainly related to body's inflammation,neurotrophic and metabolic processes.There were no sufficient objective bases for the clinical diagnosis of depression.The drug treatment result was not satisfactory.Therefore,biomarkers become more and more important in disease risk prediction,classification,diagnosis and prognosis.The rapid developments in genomics,transcriptomics,proteomics,metabolomics and their applications in the diagnosis make it possible to further screen for depression related biomarkers.This article reviewed the research progresses in depression related biomarkers with omics technologies.
In recent years,the incidences of depression increased year by year due to increased social pressure,which do serious harm to human being both physically and mentally.Studies have shown that the pathogenesis of depression is complicated,mainly related to body's inflammation,neurotrophic and metabolic processes.There were no sufficient objective bases for the clinical diagnosis of depression.The drug treatment result was not satisfactory.Therefore,biomarkers become more and more important in disease risk prediction,classification,diagnosis and prognosis.The rapid developments in genomics,transcriptomics,proteomics,metabolomics and their applications in the diagnosis make it possible to further screen for depression related biomarkers.This article reviewed the research progresses in depression related biomarkers with omics technologies.
2018, 36(3): 204-209,214.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2018.03.003
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Sinomenine is an alkaloid found in the climbing plant Sinomenium acutum.Structurally, it belongs to the isoquinoline derivatives, which have various bioactivities.Clinically, it is used in the treatment for rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis and arrhythmia, etc.Nevertheless, due to the need of large dose, photo and thermal instability, quick metabolism in vivo and highly allergic for some patients, scientists have committed to modify its structure to develop the highly effective and low toxic derivatives.In this paper, the recent advances in structural modification of sinomenine are reviewed.
Sinomenine is an alkaloid found in the climbing plant Sinomenium acutum.Structurally, it belongs to the isoquinoline derivatives, which have various bioactivities.Clinically, it is used in the treatment for rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis and arrhythmia, etc.Nevertheless, due to the need of large dose, photo and thermal instability, quick metabolism in vivo and highly allergic for some patients, scientists have committed to modify its structure to develop the highly effective and low toxic derivatives.In this paper, the recent advances in structural modification of sinomenine are reviewed.
2018, 36(3): 210-214.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2018.03.004
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Objective To propose scalable moving-window similarity combined with Bayesian for rapid discriminating low active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) signal drugs (LAPIDs). Methods The scalable moving-window similarity method was employed by setting the window size dynamically according to API's peak width. In each window, the correlation coefficient (CC) of API's peak spectrum signal with LAPID's spectrum and LAPID's spectrum with excipient's spectrum were calculated respectively. The LAPIDs discrimination model was established by choosing windows with most contribution of the API spectral signal to the LAPID spectrum as variables for Bayesian discriminant model. Results The accuracy rate of LAPIDs discrimination model for discriminating LAPIDs was 94.7%. The accuracy rate of the model for discriminating testing samples was 95.6%. Conclusion Bayesian discrimination model based on scalable moving-window similarity and Bayesian algorithm can quickly discriminate LAPIDs.
Objective To propose scalable moving-window similarity combined with Bayesian for rapid discriminating low active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) signal drugs (LAPIDs). Methods The scalable moving-window similarity method was employed by setting the window size dynamically according to API's peak width. In each window, the correlation coefficient (CC) of API's peak spectrum signal with LAPID's spectrum and LAPID's spectrum with excipient's spectrum were calculated respectively. The LAPIDs discrimination model was established by choosing windows with most contribution of the API spectral signal to the LAPID spectrum as variables for Bayesian discriminant model. Results The accuracy rate of LAPIDs discrimination model for discriminating LAPIDs was 94.7%. The accuracy rate of the model for discriminating testing samples was 95.6%. Conclusion Bayesian discrimination model based on scalable moving-window similarity and Bayesian algorithm can quickly discriminate LAPIDs.
2018, 36(3): 215-218,223.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2018.03.005
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Objective To study the mechanism of bioadhesive materials (Chitosan, Carbomer and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose(HPMC)) on promoting panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)'s oral absorption by microarray. Methods The study was divided into four groups.PNS, PNS-chitosan, PNS-carbomer and PNS-HPMC, microarray were used to investigate the change of genes expression level affiliated to the solute carrier transporter(SLC) and the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) after transporting across Caco-2 cell monolayer, to explore the mechanism of bioadhesive materials' effect on PNS's absorption. Results Comparing with PNS group, chitosan and carbomer could significantly increase gene expression level affiliated to SLC transporter, chitosan could decrease multi-resistant genes and P-gp efflux genes expression level affiliated to ABC transporter. HPMC had no obvious effect on SLC and ABC transporter. Conclusion Chitosan and carbomer increase PNS's oral due to genes change affiliated to SLC and ABC transporter that could promote absorption and inhibit efflux. The promotion mechanism of HPMC absorption was that it could prolong retention time on absorption site.
Objective To study the mechanism of bioadhesive materials (Chitosan, Carbomer and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose(HPMC)) on promoting panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)'s oral absorption by microarray. Methods The study was divided into four groups.PNS, PNS-chitosan, PNS-carbomer and PNS-HPMC, microarray were used to investigate the change of genes expression level affiliated to the solute carrier transporter(SLC) and the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) after transporting across Caco-2 cell monolayer, to explore the mechanism of bioadhesive materials' effect on PNS's absorption. Results Comparing with PNS group, chitosan and carbomer could significantly increase gene expression level affiliated to SLC transporter, chitosan could decrease multi-resistant genes and P-gp efflux genes expression level affiliated to ABC transporter. HPMC had no obvious effect on SLC and ABC transporter. Conclusion Chitosan and carbomer increase PNS's oral due to genes change affiliated to SLC and ABC transporter that could promote absorption and inhibit efflux. The promotion mechanism of HPMC absorption was that it could prolong retention time on absorption site.
2018, 36(3): 219-223.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2018.03.006
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Objective To evaluate the anti-osteoporotic effect of xanthohumol (XN) in animal and osteoblast. Methods The anti-osteoporotic study on XN was performed with ovariectomized mice model. Serum biochemical indexes, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone histomorphology were measured using Elisa kits and Micro-CT analysis. In vitro test, the effect of XN on osteoblastic proliferation, differentiation and mineralization were assayed. The expression of protein related to bone formation was measured by Western blot analysis. Results In vivo experiments, XN significantly increased the estrogen level, reduced the high bone turnover rate, improved the microenvironment and BMD in ovariectomized mice. In vitro experiments, XN protected bone loss not only by promoting osteoblastic proliferation, ALP activity and bone mineralization, but also through increasing the expression of osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). Conclusion This is the first report to confirm that XN has anti-osteoporotic effect, which provides a new approach for the clinical treatment of osteoporosis.
Objective To evaluate the anti-osteoporotic effect of xanthohumol (XN) in animal and osteoblast. Methods The anti-osteoporotic study on XN was performed with ovariectomized mice model. Serum biochemical indexes, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone histomorphology were measured using Elisa kits and Micro-CT analysis. In vitro test, the effect of XN on osteoblastic proliferation, differentiation and mineralization were assayed. The expression of protein related to bone formation was measured by Western blot analysis. Results In vivo experiments, XN significantly increased the estrogen level, reduced the high bone turnover rate, improved the microenvironment and BMD in ovariectomized mice. In vitro experiments, XN protected bone loss not only by promoting osteoblastic proliferation, ALP activity and bone mineralization, but also through increasing the expression of osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). Conclusion This is the first report to confirm that XN has anti-osteoporotic effect, which provides a new approach for the clinical treatment of osteoporosis.
2018, 36(3): 224-227,273.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2018.03.007
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Objective To establish a reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography method which couldb be applied to determine the content of paclitaxel stearate(PTX-SA)and its bioactive metabolites paclitaxel(PTX)simultaneously. Methods Diazepam was chosen to be the internal standard and liquid-liquid extraction method was used for the preparation of sample solution with methyl tert-butyl ether. The two compounds were separated on Agilent Eclipse plus C18 column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) with gradient elution by using mobile phase of acetonitrile(A)-methanol(B)-water(C), the detection wavelength was 227 nm and the column temperature was 30℃. The flow rate was 1 ml/min and the injection volume was 20 μl. Results The standard curve exhibited good linearity within the concentration of PTX-SA from 0.5-250 μg/ml (r=0.997 6) and PTX from 0.05-25 μg/ml (r=0.997 9), meanwhile the LOQ of PTX-SA and PTX were 0.15 and 0.05 μg/ml, respectively. The recoveries were both larger than 90% with RSD less than 5%. Moreover, the RSD of intra-day and inter-day assays were both less than 5%. Conclusion The method was simple, effective, stable and accurate which could be suitable for the determination of PTX-SA and PTX in pharmacokinetic study.
Objective To establish a reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography method which couldb be applied to determine the content of paclitaxel stearate(PTX-SA)and its bioactive metabolites paclitaxel(PTX)simultaneously. Methods Diazepam was chosen to be the internal standard and liquid-liquid extraction method was used for the preparation of sample solution with methyl tert-butyl ether. The two compounds were separated on Agilent Eclipse plus C18 column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) with gradient elution by using mobile phase of acetonitrile(A)-methanol(B)-water(C), the detection wavelength was 227 nm and the column temperature was 30℃. The flow rate was 1 ml/min and the injection volume was 20 μl. Results The standard curve exhibited good linearity within the concentration of PTX-SA from 0.5-250 μg/ml (r=0.997 6) and PTX from 0.05-25 μg/ml (r=0.997 9), meanwhile the LOQ of PTX-SA and PTX were 0.15 and 0.05 μg/ml, respectively. The recoveries were both larger than 90% with RSD less than 5%. Moreover, the RSD of intra-day and inter-day assays were both less than 5%. Conclusion The method was simple, effective, stable and accurate which could be suitable for the determination of PTX-SA and PTX in pharmacokinetic study.
2018, 36(3): 228-233.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2018.03.008
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Objective To observe the effect of salted processing on the contents of total alismol, 24-acetylalisol A and 23-acetylalisol B in Alisma Rhizoma. Methods UV was used for the determination of total alismol's content in crude Alisma Rhizoma and salted Alisma Rhizoma with Meta Nitrobenzene and Potassium Hydroxide as the developers. The detection wavelength was 545 nm. HPLC was used for the determination of 24-acetylalisol A's and 23-acetylalisol B's contents in crude Alisma Rhizoma and salted Alisma Rhizoma with Elite C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) as the chromatographic column. The mobile phase was gradient elution with acetonitrile and water. The detection wavelength was 208 nm. The column temperature was set at 25℃. The flow rate was 1 ml/min. Results The linear relationships of total alismol, 24-acetylalisol A and 23-acetylalisol B were fine (r>0.999 0) in the linear ranges by UV and HPLC. The average recoveries of them in crude Alisma Rhizoma and salted Alisma Rhizoma ranged from 97.81%-100.05%,with the RSD less than 3%. The average contents of total alismol, 24-acetylalisol A and 23-acetylalisol B in ten batches of crude Alisma Rhizoma were 4.41%, 0.208%, 0.065% respectively. The average contents of them in ten batches of salted Alisma Rhizoma were 9.62%, 0.232%, 0.017% respectively. Conclusion The contents of total alismol, 24-acetylalisol A and 23-acetylalisol B in Alisma Rhizoma were influenced considerably by salted processing. The content of total alismol increased obviously. The content of 24-acetylalisol A increased slightly. The content of 23-acetylalisol B decreased obviously.
Objective To observe the effect of salted processing on the contents of total alismol, 24-acetylalisol A and 23-acetylalisol B in Alisma Rhizoma. Methods UV was used for the determination of total alismol's content in crude Alisma Rhizoma and salted Alisma Rhizoma with Meta Nitrobenzene and Potassium Hydroxide as the developers. The detection wavelength was 545 nm. HPLC was used for the determination of 24-acetylalisol A's and 23-acetylalisol B's contents in crude Alisma Rhizoma and salted Alisma Rhizoma with Elite C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) as the chromatographic column. The mobile phase was gradient elution with acetonitrile and water. The detection wavelength was 208 nm. The column temperature was set at 25℃. The flow rate was 1 ml/min. Results The linear relationships of total alismol, 24-acetylalisol A and 23-acetylalisol B were fine (r>0.999 0) in the linear ranges by UV and HPLC. The average recoveries of them in crude Alisma Rhizoma and salted Alisma Rhizoma ranged from 97.81%-100.05%,with the RSD less than 3%. The average contents of total alismol, 24-acetylalisol A and 23-acetylalisol B in ten batches of crude Alisma Rhizoma were 4.41%, 0.208%, 0.065% respectively. The average contents of them in ten batches of salted Alisma Rhizoma were 9.62%, 0.232%, 0.017% respectively. Conclusion The contents of total alismol, 24-acetylalisol A and 23-acetylalisol B in Alisma Rhizoma were influenced considerably by salted processing. The content of total alismol increased obviously. The content of 24-acetylalisol A increased slightly. The content of 23-acetylalisol B decreased obviously.
2018, 36(3): 234-237,273.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2018.03.009
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Illicium henryi Diels is a medicinal and aromatic plant native to China with Chinese name Mancao or Honduhui. The name of Mancao was first recorded in the "Classic of Mountains and Rivers" and the earliest documented medicinal function of this plant was found in "Shen Nong's herbal classic". Its botanical origin includes Illicium lanceolatum A. C. Smith and Illicium henryi Diels while Miscanthus sinensis Anderss (Gramineae) and Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. (Celastraceae)were recorded as Mancao by mistake. Mancao is mainly distributed in Henan, Hebei, Sichuan, Zhejiang and Fujian Province. All those plants are toxic. In this paper, the name, habitats, origins, the characteristics and effects of Illicium lanceolatum A. C. Smith and Illicium henryi Diels were investigated to correct the origin of the textural records and provide a reference for future research, development and utilization of the medical resources.
Illicium henryi Diels is a medicinal and aromatic plant native to China with Chinese name Mancao or Honduhui. The name of Mancao was first recorded in the "Classic of Mountains and Rivers" and the earliest documented medicinal function of this plant was found in "Shen Nong's herbal classic". Its botanical origin includes Illicium lanceolatum A. C. Smith and Illicium henryi Diels while Miscanthus sinensis Anderss (Gramineae) and Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. (Celastraceae)were recorded as Mancao by mistake. Mancao is mainly distributed in Henan, Hebei, Sichuan, Zhejiang and Fujian Province. All those plants are toxic. In this paper, the name, habitats, origins, the characteristics and effects of Illicium lanceolatum A. C. Smith and Illicium henryi Diels were investigated to correct the origin of the textural records and provide a reference for future research, development and utilization of the medical resources.
2018, 36(3): 238-242.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2018.03.010
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Objective To investigate the effects on myocardial mitochondria-related indexes in rats after rapid elevation to 3 400 m altitude and myocardial protection effects with metoprolol. Methods Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups with 12 rats in each group as follows, group A (normal group, 55 m above sea level), group B (hypoxia group, 3 400 m above sea level), group C (metoprolol group, 3 400 m above sea level). Heart rate and blood pressure were measured during the rapid transfer from the plain (Shanghai 55 m) to plateau of 3 400 m. Then, the rats were anesthetized with chloral hydrate. The blood was collected from the abdominal aorta and blood gas indexes were measured. The heart tissue was homogenized. The oxidativee stress related parameters, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) were assayed. The mitochondrial function related parameters, such as complexes-Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were measured. Results After the rats were exposed to high altitude, the blood oxygen tension and oxygen saturation in the metoprolol group were increased in comparison with the hypoxia group. Compared with the normal group, the content of MDA in the hypoxia group was increased significantly, while the content of SOD and NO were decreased significantly (P<0.01), the mitochondrial complex Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ were also decreased 44.49%, 32.38%, 34.43% and 20.16%. Compared with hypoxia group, the MDA was decreased by 13.72%, while SOD and NO were increased by 25.73% and 168.55%, the activity of mitochondrial complexes were also increased by 44.92%, 33.73%, 37.11% and 10.09% for metoprolol group. The respiratory chain SDH and MDH in hypoxic group were decreased by 29.51% and 42.79% and the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase and T-ATPase were decreased by 20.24%, 27.56% and 33.32% in comparison with the normal group. After intervention with metoprolol, SDH and MDH were increased by 47.36% and 88.57% separately, the activities of Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase and T-ATPase were also increased by 31.92%, 26.95%, 44.93% in comparison with hypoxia group. Those results indicated that metoprolol can increase ATPase activity. Conclusion Under the condition of acute hypoxia at 3 400 m above sea level, myocardial injury is related to the changes of oxidative stress and mitochondrial-related enzyme activity. Metoprolol helps to normalize the related indicators and provides the protection for myocardial injury caused by hypoxia.
Objective To investigate the effects on myocardial mitochondria-related indexes in rats after rapid elevation to 3 400 m altitude and myocardial protection effects with metoprolol. Methods Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups with 12 rats in each group as follows, group A (normal group, 55 m above sea level), group B (hypoxia group, 3 400 m above sea level), group C (metoprolol group, 3 400 m above sea level). Heart rate and blood pressure were measured during the rapid transfer from the plain (Shanghai 55 m) to plateau of 3 400 m. Then, the rats were anesthetized with chloral hydrate. The blood was collected from the abdominal aorta and blood gas indexes were measured. The heart tissue was homogenized. The oxidativee stress related parameters, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) were assayed. The mitochondrial function related parameters, such as complexes-Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were measured. Results After the rats were exposed to high altitude, the blood oxygen tension and oxygen saturation in the metoprolol group were increased in comparison with the hypoxia group. Compared with the normal group, the content of MDA in the hypoxia group was increased significantly, while the content of SOD and NO were decreased significantly (P<0.01), the mitochondrial complex Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ were also decreased 44.49%, 32.38%, 34.43% and 20.16%. Compared with hypoxia group, the MDA was decreased by 13.72%, while SOD and NO were increased by 25.73% and 168.55%, the activity of mitochondrial complexes were also increased by 44.92%, 33.73%, 37.11% and 10.09% for metoprolol group. The respiratory chain SDH and MDH in hypoxic group were decreased by 29.51% and 42.79% and the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase and T-ATPase were decreased by 20.24%, 27.56% and 33.32% in comparison with the normal group. After intervention with metoprolol, SDH and MDH were increased by 47.36% and 88.57% separately, the activities of Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase and T-ATPase were also increased by 31.92%, 26.95%, 44.93% in comparison with hypoxia group. Those results indicated that metoprolol can increase ATPase activity. Conclusion Under the condition of acute hypoxia at 3 400 m above sea level, myocardial injury is related to the changes of oxidative stress and mitochondrial-related enzyme activity. Metoprolol helps to normalize the related indicators and provides the protection for myocardial injury caused by hypoxia.
2018, 36(3): 243-246.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2018.03.011
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the anti-hypoxia effects of octacosane and the petroleum ether extract from Saussurea Involucrate (PESI) on the water, sugar, lipid and protein metabolism of mice at simulated high altitude. Methods The healthy adult male BALB/C mice were randomly divided into normal control group, hypoxic model group, acetazolamide group, the petroleum ether of Saussurea involucrata group and octacosane group. Drugs were administered i.v 20 mins before the mice were exposed to a simulated high altitude of 6 000 m for 8 hours in an animal decompression chamber. The mice were sacrificed at the end of 8 hours. Organ water content, organ indexes and metabolism indicators of sugar, protein and lipid were determined. Results The edema of heart, brain and lung was reduced notably (P<0.05, P<0.01) in the mice received PESI at 200 mg/kg and octacosane at 100 mg/kg. In the treated groups, the increase of blood sugar, muscle glycogen, TG (triglyceride), TC (total cholesterol) were all significantly inhibited, the decrease of liver glycogen, the protein content of heart and brain was also remarkably blocked (P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusion PESI and octacosane effectively regulate the metabolism of hypoxic mice and reserve the body's energy for survival by lowering the basic metabolism.
Objective To investigate the anti-hypoxia effects of octacosane and the petroleum ether extract from Saussurea Involucrate (PESI) on the water, sugar, lipid and protein metabolism of mice at simulated high altitude. Methods The healthy adult male BALB/C mice were randomly divided into normal control group, hypoxic model group, acetazolamide group, the petroleum ether of Saussurea involucrata group and octacosane group. Drugs were administered i.v 20 mins before the mice were exposed to a simulated high altitude of 6 000 m for 8 hours in an animal decompression chamber. The mice were sacrificed at the end of 8 hours. Organ water content, organ indexes and metabolism indicators of sugar, protein and lipid were determined. Results The edema of heart, brain and lung was reduced notably (P<0.05, P<0.01) in the mice received PESI at 200 mg/kg and octacosane at 100 mg/kg. In the treated groups, the increase of blood sugar, muscle glycogen, TG (triglyceride), TC (total cholesterol) were all significantly inhibited, the decrease of liver glycogen, the protein content of heart and brain was also remarkably blocked (P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusion PESI and octacosane effectively regulate the metabolism of hypoxic mice and reserve the body's energy for survival by lowering the basic metabolism.
2018, 36(3): 247-249,254.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2018.03.012
Abstract:
Objective To study pharmacodynamics of the effective anti-hypoxia components in the petroleum ether extract of Saussurea Involucrate (PESI) and octacosane. Methods PESI and octacosane were first evaluated by normobaric hypoxia model, acute decompression model and followed by chemical induced hypoxic models with potassium cyanide, sodium nitrite and isoprenaline hydrochloride poisoning. Results PESI and octacosane can effectively prolong the survival time of hypobaric hypoxic mice (P<0.01) and reduce the mortality of acute hypobaric hypoxia mice (P<0.01) in a dose-dependent manner. Anti-hypoxic potency of PESI and octacosane obtained by chemical induced hypoxic model indicated that they significantly increase survival time(P<0.05)of hypoxia mice than acetazolamide. Conclusion PESI and octacosane have good anti-hypoxia activity.
Objective To study pharmacodynamics of the effective anti-hypoxia components in the petroleum ether extract of Saussurea Involucrate (PESI) and octacosane. Methods PESI and octacosane were first evaluated by normobaric hypoxia model, acute decompression model and followed by chemical induced hypoxic models with potassium cyanide, sodium nitrite and isoprenaline hydrochloride poisoning. Results PESI and octacosane can effectively prolong the survival time of hypobaric hypoxic mice (P<0.01) and reduce the mortality of acute hypobaric hypoxia mice (P<0.01) in a dose-dependent manner. Anti-hypoxic potency of PESI and octacosane obtained by chemical induced hypoxic model indicated that they significantly increase survival time(P<0.05)of hypoxia mice than acetazolamide. Conclusion PESI and octacosane have good anti-hypoxia activity.
2018, 36(3): 250-254.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2018.03.013
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the effect of hypoxia with cold on the heart and brain damage in rats by simulating 6 000 m high altitude at different exposure time, established a rat model of acute mountain sickness for the related mechanism studies. Methods 32 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group, hypoxia with cold 1 d, 3 d and 5 d group, 8 rats in each group. The normal control group was kept in the plain environment (1 500 m) without any treatment. The other three groups were placed in large hypobaric hypoxia chamber to simulate 6 000 m altitude with different exposed times. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of heart and brain tissue. The changes of biochemical indexes were measured to evaluate the damage of heart and brain tissue at different hypoxia times. Results HE staining showed that hypoxia with cold induced rat heart and brain damage with different degrees. The myocardial tissue damage was increased with exposure time. The most serious brain damage happened in day 3. Compared with the normal control group, the content of MDA and LD in the myocardial tissue of hypoxia rats were significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01) with prolonged time, while the contents of GSH, T-SOD and the activity of Na+ K+-ATPase were reduced (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The content of MDA in brain tissue was significantly increased at day 1 and day 3 (P<0.05 or P<0.01). LD content was significantly increased (P<0.05) with time. The content of GSH, the activity of T-SOD and Na+ K+-ATPase were significantly reduced in day 3 (P<0.05). Conclusion Simulating an altitude of 6 000 m caused obvious damage on the heart and brain tissues of rats. The degree of damage was related to the exposure time to hypoxia with cold. The decrease of body's antioxidant capacity, the increase of free radicals and energy metabolism disorders are important factors leading to heart and brain injury.
Objective To investigate the effect of hypoxia with cold on the heart and brain damage in rats by simulating 6 000 m high altitude at different exposure time, established a rat model of acute mountain sickness for the related mechanism studies. Methods 32 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group, hypoxia with cold 1 d, 3 d and 5 d group, 8 rats in each group. The normal control group was kept in the plain environment (1 500 m) without any treatment. The other three groups were placed in large hypobaric hypoxia chamber to simulate 6 000 m altitude with different exposed times. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of heart and brain tissue. The changes of biochemical indexes were measured to evaluate the damage of heart and brain tissue at different hypoxia times. Results HE staining showed that hypoxia with cold induced rat heart and brain damage with different degrees. The myocardial tissue damage was increased with exposure time. The most serious brain damage happened in day 3. Compared with the normal control group, the content of MDA and LD in the myocardial tissue of hypoxia rats were significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01) with prolonged time, while the contents of GSH, T-SOD and the activity of Na+ K+-ATPase were reduced (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The content of MDA in brain tissue was significantly increased at day 1 and day 3 (P<0.05 or P<0.01). LD content was significantly increased (P<0.05) with time. The content of GSH, the activity of T-SOD and Na+ K+-ATPase were significantly reduced in day 3 (P<0.05). Conclusion Simulating an altitude of 6 000 m caused obvious damage on the heart and brain tissues of rats. The degree of damage was related to the exposure time to hypoxia with cold. The decrease of body's antioxidant capacity, the increase of free radicals and energy metabolism disorders are important factors leading to heart and brain injury.
2018, 36(3): 255-259.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2018.03.014
Abstract:
Objective To investigate anti-hypoxia activity and protective effects of Lishukang capsule on rat brain tissue at simulated high altitude hypoxia. Methods The anti-hypoxic activity of Lishukang capsule was evaluated with normobaric hypoxia test and acute hypobaric hypoxia test in mice. In addition, rats were exposed to large hypobaric hypoxia chamber stimulating 8 000 m altitude. The pathological changes of rat brain tissue before and after hypoxia were observed. The oxidative stress indicators and metabolism parameters in brain were measured. Results The low, medium and high Lishukang doses can effectively prolong the survival time of mice (P<0.01) in the dose dependent manner. The medium and high Lishukang doses were significantly better than those of Rhodiola rosea capsules (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The low, medium, high Lishukang dose groups reduced the mortality of acute hypobaric hypoxia mice (P<0.01) with dose dependent effects. The mice mortality in medium and high dose groups was lower than that of Rhodiola rosea group (P<0.01). Compared with normal control group, the hypoxic model rats exhibited pathological injury in the brain tissue after exposure to hypobaric hypoxia stimulating 8 000 m altitude. The contents of MDA, H2O2, NO, LD and LDH activity increased significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the activities of SOD, CAT, GPX were significantly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). After pretreatment with Lishukang capsule, the pathological damage of rat brain tissue was alleviated and the content of MDA, NO in the brain tissue was reduced (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The levels of H2O2, LD content and LDH activity in medium and high dose groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The activities of SOD, CAT and GPX in high dose group were significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusion Lishukang capsule has good anti-hypoxia activity. It provides protective effect for the injuries induced by hypobaric hypoxia in rats. The mechanism may related to the improvement of antioxidant capability, reduction of free radical damage and amelioration of energy metabolism.
Objective To investigate anti-hypoxia activity and protective effects of Lishukang capsule on rat brain tissue at simulated high altitude hypoxia. Methods The anti-hypoxic activity of Lishukang capsule was evaluated with normobaric hypoxia test and acute hypobaric hypoxia test in mice. In addition, rats were exposed to large hypobaric hypoxia chamber stimulating 8 000 m altitude. The pathological changes of rat brain tissue before and after hypoxia were observed. The oxidative stress indicators and metabolism parameters in brain were measured. Results The low, medium and high Lishukang doses can effectively prolong the survival time of mice (P<0.01) in the dose dependent manner. The medium and high Lishukang doses were significantly better than those of Rhodiola rosea capsules (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The low, medium, high Lishukang dose groups reduced the mortality of acute hypobaric hypoxia mice (P<0.01) with dose dependent effects. The mice mortality in medium and high dose groups was lower than that of Rhodiola rosea group (P<0.01). Compared with normal control group, the hypoxic model rats exhibited pathological injury in the brain tissue after exposure to hypobaric hypoxia stimulating 8 000 m altitude. The contents of MDA, H2O2, NO, LD and LDH activity increased significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the activities of SOD, CAT, GPX were significantly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). After pretreatment with Lishukang capsule, the pathological damage of rat brain tissue was alleviated and the content of MDA, NO in the brain tissue was reduced (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The levels of H2O2, LD content and LDH activity in medium and high dose groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The activities of SOD, CAT and GPX in high dose group were significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusion Lishukang capsule has good anti-hypoxia activity. It provides protective effect for the injuries induced by hypobaric hypoxia in rats. The mechanism may related to the improvement of antioxidant capability, reduction of free radical damage and amelioration of energy metabolism.
2018, 36(3): 260-264,281.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2018.03.015
Abstract:
Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of donepezil combined with memantine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and provide a guidance for the proper clinical use of those medications. Methods The literatures published from 2014 to 2016 in CNKI/VIP/WanFang Med-online/CBM and other databases were collected. Screening and quality evaluation were carried out with include and exclude standard. The software RevMan 5.3 was used for data analysis. Results Eighteen studies included are randomized controlled trials with 900 cases in study group and 896 cases in control group. The combined results showed that MMSE, NPI and BEHAVE -AD of the combination therapy were superior to those of monotherapy group. There is no significant difference in ADL and ADAS-Cog. Conclusion The combination therapy was better than monotherapy both in mental state and pathological behavior. The clinical application of those medications should be based on the specific conditions of individual patient.
Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of donepezil combined with memantine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and provide a guidance for the proper clinical use of those medications. Methods The literatures published from 2014 to 2016 in CNKI/VIP/WanFang Med-online/CBM and other databases were collected. Screening and quality evaluation were carried out with include and exclude standard. The software RevMan 5.3 was used for data analysis. Results Eighteen studies included are randomized controlled trials with 900 cases in study group and 896 cases in control group. The combined results showed that MMSE, NPI and BEHAVE -AD of the combination therapy were superior to those of monotherapy group. There is no significant difference in ADL and ADAS-Cog. Conclusion The combination therapy was better than monotherapy both in mental state and pathological behavior. The clinical application of those medications should be based on the specific conditions of individual patient.
2018, 36(3): 265-269,288.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2018.03.016
Abstract:
Objective To establish the quality standard for Xiangsu Weitong capsule. Methods Radixet rhizoma glycyrrhizae,rhizoma corydalis,poria,rhizoma cyperi were identified by TLC and the contents of baicalin were determined by RP-HPLC. Chromatography conditions were Welchrom C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) column. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid(40:60). UV detection wavelength was set at 280 nm and the column temperature was 30℃ with the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Results The method of TLC had good resolution with clear spots and negative control showed no interference. The good linearity was obtained within the range of 1-80 μg/ml(r=0.999 9) for Tetrahydropalmatine hydrochloride and the average recovery was 99.1% (RSD=1.28%,n=6). Conclusion The method was simple, accurate and sensitive which could be applied in the quality control of Xiangsu Weitong capsule.
Objective To establish the quality standard for Xiangsu Weitong capsule. Methods Radixet rhizoma glycyrrhizae,rhizoma corydalis,poria,rhizoma cyperi were identified by TLC and the contents of baicalin were determined by RP-HPLC. Chromatography conditions were Welchrom C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) column. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid(40:60). UV detection wavelength was set at 280 nm and the column temperature was 30℃ with the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Results The method of TLC had good resolution with clear spots and negative control showed no interference. The good linearity was obtained within the range of 1-80 μg/ml(r=0.999 9) for Tetrahydropalmatine hydrochloride and the average recovery was 99.1% (RSD=1.28%,n=6). Conclusion The method was simple, accurate and sensitive which could be applied in the quality control of Xiangsu Weitong capsule.
2018, 36(3): 270-273.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2018.03.017
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the hydrophilic chemical constituents from Thesium Chinensis Turcz. Methods The water extract of Thesium Chinensis Turcz. was adsorbed onto AB-8 resin column and eluted with 50% ethanol to give the hydrophilic portion TT50. TT50 was further separated and purified by repeated column chromatography on silica gel,Sephadex LH-20. The structures of these purified compounds were identified by NMR spectral analysis and comparison with the reported data. Results Six compounds were isolated and identified as kaempferol ( 1 ),kaempferol-3-O-glucoside ( 2 ),kaepmferol-3,7-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ( 3 ),kaempferol-3-O-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside ( 4 ),kaemperol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-[6-O-acetyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside ( 5 ),rutinoside ( 6 ). Conclusion The main constituents of TT50 were kaempferol glycosides. Compounds 4 and 5 were isolated from this plant for the first time.
Objective To investigate the hydrophilic chemical constituents from Thesium Chinensis Turcz. Methods The water extract of Thesium Chinensis Turcz. was adsorbed onto AB-8 resin column and eluted with 50% ethanol to give the hydrophilic portion TT50. TT50 was further separated and purified by repeated column chromatography on silica gel,Sephadex LH-20. The structures of these purified compounds were identified by NMR spectral analysis and comparison with the reported data. Results Six compounds were isolated and identified as kaempferol ( 1 ),kaempferol-3-O-glucoside ( 2 ),kaepmferol-3,7-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ( 3 ),kaempferol-3-O-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside ( 4 ),kaemperol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-[6-O-acetyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside ( 5 ),rutinoside ( 6 ). Conclusion The main constituents of TT50 were kaempferol glycosides. Compounds 4 and 5 were isolated from this plant for the first time.
2018, 36(3): 274-276.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2018.03.018
Abstract:
Objective To develop a new method to determine the contents of rutaecarpine in Fuzhengpingxiao capsule by HPLC method. Methods Samples were handled by ethanol and extraction with ethyl acetate. The separation was achieved on an Agilent TC-C18 column using a mobile phase system of acetonitrile-water (2% Tetrahydrofuran and 0.2% formic acid) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The temperature of column was 40℃ and the detection wavelength was 240 nm. Results The calibration curves of rutaecarpine showed good linearity in the ranges of 1.18-118 μg/ml, r=0.999 9. The results of intra-day and inter-day precisions were both within 2%, the average additional recovery rate was 94.20%. Conclusion The HPLC method was accurate, specific, sensitive and reproducible, which could be used for quality control of rutaecarpine in the preparation of Fuzhengpingxiao capsule.
Objective To develop a new method to determine the contents of rutaecarpine in Fuzhengpingxiao capsule by HPLC method. Methods Samples were handled by ethanol and extraction with ethyl acetate. The separation was achieved on an Agilent TC-C18 column using a mobile phase system of acetonitrile-water (2% Tetrahydrofuran and 0.2% formic acid) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The temperature of column was 40℃ and the detection wavelength was 240 nm. Results The calibration curves of rutaecarpine showed good linearity in the ranges of 1.18-118 μg/ml, r=0.999 9. The results of intra-day and inter-day precisions were both within 2%, the average additional recovery rate was 94.20%. Conclusion The HPLC method was accurate, specific, sensitive and reproducible, which could be used for quality control of rutaecarpine in the preparation of Fuzhengpingxiao capsule.
2018, 36(3): 277-281.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2018.03.019
Abstract:
Objective To prepare the sunscreen lipstick in order to prevent UVA and UVB. Methods The ratio of beeswax, castor oil and liquid paraffin were optimized with the orthogonal test based on viscosity and heat resistance. The spreadable ability, stability and the anti-ultraviolet effect of the optimized lipstick were investigated. Results The best ratio of beeswax, castor oil and liquid paraffin was 8:5:4 (w/w/w). The viscosity of the sunscreen lipstick was appropriate, easy to spread and stable,which was demonstrated the good prevention effect from UVA and UVB. Conclusion The advantages of the prepared sunscreen lipstick included simple preparation, low cost and stable quality. It could be a new type of sunscreen lipstick protecting from UVA and UVB.
Objective To prepare the sunscreen lipstick in order to prevent UVA and UVB. Methods The ratio of beeswax, castor oil and liquid paraffin were optimized with the orthogonal test based on viscosity and heat resistance. The spreadable ability, stability and the anti-ultraviolet effect of the optimized lipstick were investigated. Results The best ratio of beeswax, castor oil and liquid paraffin was 8:5:4 (w/w/w). The viscosity of the sunscreen lipstick was appropriate, easy to spread and stable,which was demonstrated the good prevention effect from UVA and UVB. Conclusion The advantages of the prepared sunscreen lipstick included simple preparation, low cost and stable quality. It could be a new type of sunscreen lipstick protecting from UVA and UVB.
2018, 36(3): 282-284.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2018.03.020
Abstract:
Objective To demonstrate the role of clinical pharmacists in nutritional support for a patient with malignant obstructive jaundice and to provide a reference for the clinical application of nutritional supplements in patients during the perioperative period. Methods Clinical pharmacists evaluated the nutritional status of an obstructive jaundice patient with nutrition risk screening tool and developed nutrition support programs perioperatively. The daily dose of 30% long-chain fat emulsion 250 ml was replaced with 20% medium/long-chain fat emulsions 250 ml. Oral nutrition support was added. Pharmaceutical care was implemented for the patient during the perioperative period. Results During the perioperative period, parenteral nutrition support was changed to enteral nutritional support. The patient's nutritional status and jaundice were improved. The patient recovered well from surgery with no complication. Conclusion Clinical pharmacists work closely with physicians in developing and adjusting nutritional support program to improve the nutritional status and pharmaceutical care for patients.
Objective To demonstrate the role of clinical pharmacists in nutritional support for a patient with malignant obstructive jaundice and to provide a reference for the clinical application of nutritional supplements in patients during the perioperative period. Methods Clinical pharmacists evaluated the nutritional status of an obstructive jaundice patient with nutrition risk screening tool and developed nutrition support programs perioperatively. The daily dose of 30% long-chain fat emulsion 250 ml was replaced with 20% medium/long-chain fat emulsions 250 ml. Oral nutrition support was added. Pharmaceutical care was implemented for the patient during the perioperative period. Results During the perioperative period, parenteral nutrition support was changed to enteral nutritional support. The patient's nutritional status and jaundice were improved. The patient recovered well from surgery with no complication. Conclusion Clinical pharmacists work closely with physicians in developing and adjusting nutritional support program to improve the nutritional status and pharmaceutical care for patients.
2018, 36(3): 285-288.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2018.03.021
Abstract:
Objective To discuss how the clinical pharmacists participated in the treatment of pediatric purulent meningitis and conducted drug monitoring. Methods Clinical pharmacists involved the whole process of treatment for a purulent meningitis infant with renal insufficiency, evaluated medication history, conducted therapeutic drug monitoring and designed an individualized medication treatment plan with clinical physicians. Results Clinical pharmacists assisted clinicians with their pharmacy expertise, and developed individualized drug dosing regimen to achieve effective therapy and medication safety. Conclusion Clinical pharmacists play an important role in providing individualized pharmaceutical care for patients, optimizing the treatment plan and improving the rational drug use.
Objective To discuss how the clinical pharmacists participated in the treatment of pediatric purulent meningitis and conducted drug monitoring. Methods Clinical pharmacists involved the whole process of treatment for a purulent meningitis infant with renal insufficiency, evaluated medication history, conducted therapeutic drug monitoring and designed an individualized medication treatment plan with clinical physicians. Results Clinical pharmacists assisted clinicians with their pharmacy expertise, and developed individualized drug dosing regimen to achieve effective therapy and medication safety. Conclusion Clinical pharmacists play an important role in providing individualized pharmaceutical care for patients, optimizing the treatment plan and improving the rational drug use.
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