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据2019年国际糖尿病联盟发布的全球糖尿病地图,我国成人糖尿病患者数量位居世界第一,已达1.164亿人[1]。与非糖尿病人群相比,2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者发生心血管疾病的风险可增加2~4倍,其中心肌梗死和卒中是T2DM患者死亡的主要原因[2]。美国FDA和欧洲药品管理局要求加强对现有降糖药物的心血管安全性监测,同时所有新型降糖药物上市前必须通过心血管安全性研究(CVOT)[3]。2015年EMPA-REG OUTCOME试验结果揭晓了恩格列净对T2DM患者有显著的心血管保护作用,随后LEADER、CANVAS试验相继证实了利拉鲁肽、卡格列净等的心血管益处。目前,国内外对钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(SGLT-2)抑制剂、胰高血糖素样多肽-1(GLP-1)受体激动剂的心血管保护作用开展了广泛的研究,现就SGLT-2抑制剂、GLP-1受体激动剂的心血管安全性研究进展做一综述。
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肾脏重吸收葡萄糖主要依赖SGLT-2,其主要分布于近曲小管S1、S2段管腔侧细胞膜上,介导90%葡萄糖的重吸收[4]。SGLT-2抑制剂通过抑制肾脏肾小管中的SGLT-2,抑制葡萄糖重吸收,降低肾糖阈,促进尿葡萄糖排泄,起降低血液循环中葡萄糖水平的作用。目前,FDA批准上市的SGLT-2抑制剂有:恩格列净、卡格列净、达格列净、埃格列净。在我国被批准上市的有:恩格列净、卡格列净和达格列净。
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恩格列净、卡格列净、达格列净、埃格列净的心血管安全性试验分别称为EMPA-REG OUTCOME、CANVAS、DECLARE-TIMI 58、VERTIS-CV试验,均为大型、双盲、随机、安慰剂对照的前瞻性试验。试验均以心血管死亡、非致死性心肌梗死和非致死性卒中的主要心血管事件(MACE)为终点,评价SGLT-2抑制剂对T2DM患者的心血管作用。试验结果(见表1)显示,与安慰剂相比,恩格列净、卡格列净均可降低T2DM患者心血管事件的发生风险(P=0.038和0.02),而达格列净在心血管事件的风险与安慰剂相比无统计学差异;同时研究显示,恩格列净可降低T2DM患者的心血管死亡、全因死亡及心力衰竭住院风险(P<0.001、P<0.001、P=0.002),卡格列净、达格列净可降低T2DM患者心衰住院风险[5-7]。在心肌梗死和卒中风险事件,恩格列净与安慰剂相比无统计学差异;卡格列净与安慰剂相比在心血管死亡、非致死性心肌梗死或非致死性卒中事件无统计学差异。VERTIS-CV试验结果未发布,埃格列净对T2DM患者的心血管作用尚不明确。
表 1 SGLT-2抑制剂的心血管安全性研究
试验项目 EMPA-REG OUTCOME CANVAS DECLARE-TIMI 58 干预措施 恩格列净(10~25 mg/d) 卡格列净(100~300 mg/d) 达格列净(10 mg/d) 样本量(例,T/C①) 4687/2333 5795/4347 8582/ 8578 平均年龄(年) 63.1 63.3 64.0 中位随访期(年) 3.1 2.4 4.2 合并ASCVD(例,%) 7020(100%) 6656(65.6%) 6974(40.6%) 主要事件(HR,95%CI) 0.86(0.74~0.99) 0.86(0.75~0.97) 0.93(0.84~1.03) 心肌梗死 0.87(0.70~1.09) 0.85(0.69~1.05) NA 缺血性卒中 1.18(0.89~1.56) 0.90(0.71~1.15) 1.01(0.84~1.21) 心血管死亡 0.62(0.49~0.77) 0.87(0.72~1.06) 0.98(0.82~1.17) 全因死亡 0.68(0.57~0.82) 0.87(0.74~1.01) 0.93(0.82~1.04) 心力衰竭住院 0.65(0.50~0.85) 0.67(0.52~0.87) 0.73(0.61~0.88) 注:T/C:试验组/对照组;ASCVD,动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病;NA,无数据。 -
纳入SGLT-2抑制剂的EMPA-REG OUTCOME、CANVAS、DECLARE-TIMI 58试验进行Meta分析,共34322例患者,其中60.2%合并动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD),疗效包括:心血管事件,心血管死亡、心力衰竭住院和肾病进展的复合事件[8]。研究表明,SGLT-2抑制剂可降低T2DM患者发生心血管事件的风险(HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.83~0.96, P=0.0014),但结果仅在合并ASCVD的T2DM人群中具有统计学差异(HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.80~0.93),对伴有ASCVD高危因素的T2DM患者,SGLT-2抑制剂与安慰剂相比在主要结果无统计学差异(HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.87~1.16)。同时研究显示,在合并或伴有ASCVD高危因素,以及合并/无心力衰竭T2DM人群中,SGLT-2抑制剂均可降低心血管死亡或心力衰竭住院风险(HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.71~0.84, P<0.0001)[8]。另一项纳入了上述四项试验的Meta分析结果显示,SGLT-2抑制剂可降低合并或伴有ASCVD高危因素的T2DM患者心血管事件的发生风险(HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.82~0.94, P<0.001)[9]。此外,另一项Meta分析提示SGLT-2抑制剂可降低T2DM合并慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者心血管死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、非致死性卒中的复合事件发生风险(RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.70~0.94),心力衰竭住院风险可降低39%(95% CI 0.48~0.78)[10]。
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CVD-REAL是一项研究SGLT-2抑制剂对T2DM患者的心血管益处,共纳入309 056名T2DM患者,其中87%的患者无心血管疾病史。结果显示,SGLT-2抑制剂可降低T2DM患者的心衰住院风险(HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.51~0.73, P<0.001),降低全因死亡风险(HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.41~0.57, P<0.001),心衰住院和全因死亡事件的复合事件风险降低46%(95% CI 0.48~0.60, P<0.001)[11]。同时CVD-REAL试验的亚组分析提示,与其他降糖药物相比,SGLT-2抑制剂可降低T2DM患者的心肌梗死和卒中风险(HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.72~1.00, P=0.05; HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.71~0.97, P =0.02)[12]。OBSERVE-4D研究纳入了来自4个美国大型医保报销数据库的1 060 449例T2DM患者,头对头地比较卡格列净与其他SGLT-2抑制剂或其他非SGLT-2抑制剂,对T2DM患者心力衰竭住院的影响。研究结果显示,与非SGLT-2抑制剂的降糖药相比,卡格列净降低T2DM患者因心力衰竭住院的风险(HR 0.39, 95% CI 0.26~0.60),卡格列净与其他SGLT-2抑制剂对T2DM患者心力衰竭住院风险的影响无统计学差异(HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.71~1.13);对于合并心血管疾病的T2DM人群,卡格列净可降低心力衰竭住院风险(HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.36~0.54),但与其他SGLT-2抑制剂相比,研究结果无统计学差异(HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.30~1.63)[13]。恩格列净的EMPRISE试验结果显示,与西格列汀相比,恩格列净可降低T2DM患者心力衰竭风险(HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.28~0.91)[14]。
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GLP-1是一种肠促胰素,分布于胰腺、心脏、肺、脑和胃肠道等区域,通过葡萄糖浓度依赖性的方式促进胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素,抑制胰岛α细胞释放胰高血糖素[15-16]。GLP-1受体激动剂通过提高T2DM患者体内GLP-1受体活性,促进胰岛素分泌,抑制胰高血糖素释放,延缓胃排空,中枢性食欲抑制等多种机制调控机体血糖稳态。目前FDA批准上市的GLP-1受体激动剂有利拉鲁肽、索马鲁肽、艾塞那肽、利司那肽、度拉糖肽、阿必鲁肽。中国食品药品监督管理总局批准上市的GLP-1受体激动剂有利拉鲁肽、艾塞那肽、度拉糖肽、贝那鲁肽和洛塞那肽。
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GLP-1受体激动剂相关的大型心血管安全性试验有LEADER、SUSTAIN-6、EXSCEL、ELIXA试验,分别研究了利拉鲁肽、索马鲁肽、艾塞那肽和利司那肽对T2DM患者心血管疾病的影响,其中LEADER、SUSTAIN-6、EXSCEL均以心血管事件为主要结局,ELIXA以心血管死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、非致死性卒中和不稳定性心绞痛住院的复合终点为主要结局[17-20]。试验结果(见表2)显示,利拉鲁肽、索马鲁肽可降低心血管事件发生风险(P=0.01、P=0.02);此外,利拉鲁肽可降低T2DM患者发生心血管死亡和全因死亡的风险(P=0.007、P=0.02),索马鲁肽可降低非致死性卒中风险(P=0.04);利拉鲁肽与安慰剂在非致死性心肌梗死、非致死性卒中和心力衰竭住院事件方面无统计学差异;在心肌梗死、全因死亡、心血管死亡及心衰住院终点方面,索马鲁肽与安慰剂无明显统计学差异[17-18]。与安慰剂相比,艾塞那肽和利司那肽对T2DM合并心血管疾病的患者具有非劣效性,两者在主要终点处均无统计学差异(P=0.81、P=0.06)[19-20]。
表 2 GLP-1受体激动剂的心血管安全性研究
试验项目 EXSCEL SUSTAIN-6 LEADER ELIXA 干预措施 艾塞那肽(2 mg/w) 索马鲁肽(0.5~1.0 mg/w) 利拉鲁肽(0.6~1.8 mg/d) 利司那肽(10~20 μg/d) 样本量(例,T/C①) 7256/7396 1648/1649 4668/4672 3034/3034 中位随访期(年) 3.2 2.1 3.5 2.1 合并ASCVD(例,%) 10782(73.1%) 2735(83%) 6764(72.4%) 6068(100%) 主要终点(HR,95%CI) 0.91 (0.83~1.00) 0.74(0.58~0.95) 0.87 (0.78~0.97) 1.02 (0.89~1.17) 心肌梗死 0.97 (0.85~1.10) 0.74 (0.51~1.08) 0.86 (0.73~1.00) 1.03 (0.87~1.22) 缺血性卒中 0.85 (0.70~1.03) 0.61 (0.38~0.99) 0.86 (0.71~1.06) 1.11 (0.47~2.62) 心血管死亡 0.88 (0.76~1.02) 0.98 (0.65~1.48) 0.78 (0.66~0.93) 0.98 (0.78~1.22) 全因死亡 0.86 (0.77~0.97) 1.05 (0.74~1.50) 0.85 (0.74~0.97) 0.94 (0.78~1.13) 心力衰竭住院 0.94 (0.78~1.13) 1.11 (0.77~1.61) 0.87 (0.73~1.05) 0.96 (0.75~1.23) 注:T/C:试验组/对照组。 -
GLP-1受体激动剂的心血管安全性试验结果不一,为验证GLP-1受体激动剂对心血管的保护作用,Bethel等[21]将上述四项大型CVOT试验纳入Meta分析,结果显示,GLP-1受体激动剂可降低心血管事件发生风险(HR 0.90, 95%CI 0.82~0.99, P=0.033),同时心血管死亡风险降低13%(95%CI 0.76~0.96, P=0.007),全因死亡风险降低12%(95%CI 0.81~0.95, P=0.002);但在心肌梗死、卒中、不稳定性心绞痛住院或心力衰竭住院方面,GLP-1受体激动剂与安慰剂相比均无统计学差异。Kristensen等[22]根据现有临床试验证据进行Meta分析和系统回顾,结果显示,GLP-1受体激动剂可降低T2DM患者心血管事件的发生风险(HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.82~0.94, P<0.0001),其中,心血管死亡风险降低12%(95% CI 0.81~0.96, P=0.003),卒中风险降低12%(95% CI 0.83~0.95, P=0.001),心力衰竭住院风险可降低9%(95% CI 0.83~0.99, P=0.028)。
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一项为期36个月的利拉鲁肽研究[23]共纳入307例患者,其中19.9%的患者合并心血管疾病,研究显示心血管事件的发生率低于LEADER试验(2.59比3.4 /100人·年),但合并心血管疾病的T2DM患者再发心血管不良事件的风险明显增高。另一项基于人群的开放性队列研究[24]显示,接受GLP-1治疗的T2DM患者较未经GLP-1受体激动剂治疗的T2DM患者全因病死率降低(RR 0.64, 95%CI 0.56~0.74, P<0.0001)。
Advances in cardiovascular safety of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists
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摘要: 2型糖尿病是动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病发病的高危因素。研究发现,钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(SGLT-2)抑制剂、胰高血糖素样多肽-1(GLP-1)受体激动剂对2型糖尿病合并心血管疾病的患者具有心血管保护作用。故从心血管安全性试验及其Meta分析、网状Meta分析方面,对SGLT-2抑制剂、GLP-1受体激动剂的心血管安全性研究进展进行归纳和总结。
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关键词:
- SGLT-2抑制剂 /
- GLP-1受体激动剂 /
- 2型糖尿病 /
- 心血管安全性
Abstract: Type 2 diabetes is a high risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Studies have found that SGLT-2 inhibitor and GLP-1 receptor agonists have cardiovascular protective effects in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, from the aspects of cardiovascular safety test and its Meta-analysis and net-like Meta-analysis, the research progress of cardiovascular safety of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists is summarized.-
Key words:
- SGLT-2 inhibitors /
- GLP-1 receptor agonists /
- type 2 diabetes /
- cardiovascular safety
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表 1 SGLT-2抑制剂的心血管安全性研究
试验项目 EMPA-REG OUTCOME CANVAS DECLARE-TIMI 58 干预措施 恩格列净(10~25 mg/d) 卡格列净(100~300 mg/d) 达格列净(10 mg/d) 样本量(例,T/C①) 4687/2333 5795/4347 8582/ 8578 平均年龄(年) 63.1 63.3 64.0 中位随访期(年) 3.1 2.4 4.2 合并ASCVD(例,%) 7020(100%) 6656(65.6%) 6974(40.6%) 主要事件(HR,95%CI) 0.86(0.74~0.99) 0.86(0.75~0.97) 0.93(0.84~1.03) 心肌梗死 0.87(0.70~1.09) 0.85(0.69~1.05) NA 缺血性卒中 1.18(0.89~1.56) 0.90(0.71~1.15) 1.01(0.84~1.21) 心血管死亡 0.62(0.49~0.77) 0.87(0.72~1.06) 0.98(0.82~1.17) 全因死亡 0.68(0.57~0.82) 0.87(0.74~1.01) 0.93(0.82~1.04) 心力衰竭住院 0.65(0.50~0.85) 0.67(0.52~0.87) 0.73(0.61~0.88) 注:T/C:试验组/对照组;ASCVD,动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病;NA,无数据。 表 2 GLP-1受体激动剂的心血管安全性研究
试验项目 EXSCEL SUSTAIN-6 LEADER ELIXA 干预措施 艾塞那肽(2 mg/w) 索马鲁肽(0.5~1.0 mg/w) 利拉鲁肽(0.6~1.8 mg/d) 利司那肽(10~20 μg/d) 样本量(例,T/C①) 7256/7396 1648/1649 4668/4672 3034/3034 中位随访期(年) 3.2 2.1 3.5 2.1 合并ASCVD(例,%) 10782(73.1%) 2735(83%) 6764(72.4%) 6068(100%) 主要终点(HR,95%CI) 0.91 (0.83~1.00) 0.74(0.58~0.95) 0.87 (0.78~0.97) 1.02 (0.89~1.17) 心肌梗死 0.97 (0.85~1.10) 0.74 (0.51~1.08) 0.86 (0.73~1.00) 1.03 (0.87~1.22) 缺血性卒中 0.85 (0.70~1.03) 0.61 (0.38~0.99) 0.86 (0.71~1.06) 1.11 (0.47~2.62) 心血管死亡 0.88 (0.76~1.02) 0.98 (0.65~1.48) 0.78 (0.66~0.93) 0.98 (0.78~1.22) 全因死亡 0.86 (0.77~0.97) 1.05 (0.74~1.50) 0.85 (0.74~0.97) 0.94 (0.78~1.13) 心力衰竭住院 0.94 (0.78~1.13) 1.11 (0.77~1.61) 0.87 (0.73~1.05) 0.96 (0.75~1.23) 注:T/C:试验组/对照组。 -
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